能源与动力技术1

1ௐ˟ቔਕ໚ᄃજ˧ԫఙঔ߶ਕԫఙ5.1x108km1.49x108km293.61x108km71840m380m1.37x109km3766KW66KW5.44800KW230720KW736KW227KW1.212h25min1m5.4312h30.563m0.246m8.93m19.6m1315m3m45.44(5.45)5.45(CopyrightBoyle,1996)(5.46)(5.47)55.46(CopyrightBoyle,1996)5.47197015KW2-3m/s(4-6)4-13kW/m265.48720.5PTH=PkwmTsHmkwm1m40°60°30°2TW2.5TW23m9s1739kwm42kwm19708(1)(2)95.49(3)105.50(SalterDuck)115.51(CopyrightRamage,1996)(OTEC,OceanThermalEnergyConversion)125.5225283550O1000m361881(Jacque'sD'Arsonval)19302%107MW1000m202TW135.53OTEC5.53Mini-OTEC50KW52KW15KW1980OTEC(GeorgesClaude)1930198322KW1993(KeyholePoint)OTEC50KW1982145.54OTEC5.55OTEC155.56醎1.4x109km397.2醎2.150.65醎1km33600t240m160.65kw·h1m3/s2,340kw240m2.6TW醎5000m240m70醎240m醎50,000/kw1014/kwh醎30TW2.6TW1.1x108kW175TW22m/s108kW1.4x107kW1530Kw/m2୰ਕԫఙ1839Grove1889MoodLanger200mA/m250Bacon1860(Appollo)801l0.0899g/l252.7°C21037590004142,351kJ/kg3561978(1)(2)5.12.120100%40%60%80%AFC,Alkalinefuelcells,100PEMFC,ProtonExchangeMembranefuelcells100PAFCPhosphoric-acidfuelcells,PAFCs,200MCFCMoltencarbonatefuelcell,650SOFCsSolidOxide,10005.8215.9(kg.10-6(KWh)-1)PAFCMCFCSOFC(1)AFCPEMFCPAFC5.1022PAFCArthurD.Little200015002000MW30202007905.12.2•••••••()23-5.5724½½PAFCPEMFCH+H=2H++2e-1252H++1/2O+2e-=HO2H+1/2O=HO3HH+e-H+Oe-e-3HOHOHPAFCPEMFCPAFCPEMFCPtCOPAFCPEMFCCO26H2CO4223CHHOCOH+→+COH2CO2222COHOCOH+→+()()22212HOHO+→PAFCPEMFCMCFCSOFCCO27MCFCLiKMCFC600~700MCFCOCOCO3-CO3-H+e-HOCOCO+1/2O+2e-=CO3-5H+CO3-=HO+2e-+CO4H+1/2O=HO6e-PAFCe-MCFCCO3-CH(H)COHOHCONiSOFCZrO()O-YOYSZNiYSZLaMnO()LaCrO()SOFC28H+O-=HO+2e-71/2O+2e-=O-8H+½O=HO9HO-HOe-Oe-O-HOHOSOFCCHHCO295.62MCFCH2CH430600MCFCH2OH2O55~60%MCFC90%PAFCMCFCPAFCSOFCSOFCCO250~60%MCFCCOH2MCFCMCFC700600O2CO2H2COH2OCO2O2CO260031700600SOFC45~55%5.63322MW4.5MW11MW215000KW1000KW3040608060PAFC4.1KW2.9KW8000KW3000KW900KW3(21)200KW200KW1973PAFCPAFCNEDO19811000KWPAFC198633200kWPAFC180-2105.64ONSIPC25C200kWPAFCPAFCPAFC10-20MW100MWPAFC34,35PlugPower3619977KWPEMFC20PEMFC80LosAlamosLANLNafionPt/CPt0.4mg/cm20.05mg/cm21.PAFC2.3.CO4.MCFC600-100080%5.45%MCFCPAFCMCFCPAFCMCFCMCFC6.MCFCPAFCMCFC19811986IHI53710KW10KW0.75150/1000KW8010.81500/5000ERC2(1996)MC-power250KW(1997)199350MCFCMCFCERCEnergyResearchCorporationFuelCellEnergyInc.M-CPowerMCFCERCMCFC250kW3MWMCFC0.130%1981199130kWMCFC199250-100kW1989Joule200MWMCFCSOFCPEMFCMCFCMCFC19861kW10kW250kW1986MCFC1992-199450-100kWMBB199210kWERC1992-1994100kW250kWMBB38280kW•••••SOFC301974SOFC1984500(1.2KW)1960SOFC19873KWSOFC1998100KWSOFC199510KW(5KW)SOFCPEMFCSOFCSOFC5.67-SOFC2000220kW58%SOFC/3960-70%5.12.5.5.(PEFC)(Chrysler)(Ford)(GM)(Honda)(Nissan)(Volkswagen)(Volvo)Ballard1997RAV425kW50kW125km/h50040(1)1999NECAR437.716-1822-24(2)(3)CO2(4)200(5)(6)X-By-WireJapangoretex(1997)PEFC70(30KW)(KW)41(5KW)(5KW)1KW()PEFCBPS200050KW1KW/BMWRoverBPS250KW25-505042PC6-8%3%0.91950-160050101/2-1/41700080%PAFCPAFCPAFC43kg500kmMCFCSOFCkW431919--20207036%23%--A-219601970“”32/31450m3100t“”“”44-21PEMFCPEMFC电转换来输电45