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形容词、副词(一)知识概要形容词的用法很活跃,在英语中用处也很多,但英语中修饰可数名词和不可数名词的修饰语和词组有时不同,要特别加以注意。下面将初中学习阶段中遇到的修饰可数名词的词和词组归纳如下:many,no,several,some,afew,alot,lots,plenty,plentyof,alotof,alargenumberof,enough。而修饰不可数名词的词或词组如下:much,no,some,alot,agreatdeal,lots,plenty,alotof,plentyof。其中some,no,alotof,plentyof既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词。英语中形容词与副词有原级、比较级、最高级之分,其规则如下:构词法原级比较级最高级加er,或estTallyoungtalleryoungertallestyoungest只加r或stnicelargenicerlargernicestlargest重读闭音节末尾只有一个辅音字母时双写该字母加er、estbigfathotbiggerfatterhotterbiggestfattesthottest不规则变化的形容词或副词:原级比较级最高级goodbetterbestWellbetterbestbadworseworstbadlyworseworstmanymoremostmostmoremostlittlelesslestfarfartherfurtherfarthestfurthestoldolderelderoldesteldest要注意的是许多形容词同时又是副词,如:back,all,alone,either,far,high,slow等。而有些形容词则要经过一定变化才能转为副词,其规律如下:构词法形容词副词一般加lyCarefulkindcarefullykindly尾是y时将y变成i加lyHappybusyeasyHappilybusilyeasily其他trueterriblefullpossibleshywholetrulyterriblyfullypossiblyshylywholly在学习过程中要注意其变化。此外并不是所有副词都可以修饰比较级和最高级形容词。能修饰比较级的有:much,yet,far,still,agreatdeal,even和alittle.能修饰最高级的有:thevery,muchthe,far等。(二)正误辨析[误]Theyounglikesplayingfootballverymuch.[正]Theyounglikeplayingfootballverymuch.[析]定冠词加形容词表示一类人,应作复数看待。而定冠词加形容词表示抽象事物时则要看作单数,如:Thebeautifulisnotalwayskindness.美丽并不总代表善良。[误]Thedangerhasgone,sotheworstareover.[正]Thedangerhasgone,sotheworstisover.[析]意为:危险已经过去,最困难的状况已结束。用定冠词加最高级形容词作主语时应看作单数形式。[误]Itisthegoldageoftheyoung.[正]Itisthegoldenageoftheyoung.[析]golden在英语中多用于比喻,如:goldenhair金发,guldenvoice金嗓子。而gold多用于表达金质的,如:agoldbar金条,agoldcoin金币,但goldfish金鱼例外。[误]Sheisawarmheartwoman.[正]Sheisawarmheartedwoman.[析]英语形容词的构词法很多,其中之一是由形容词,或数词,加名词加ed构成,如:warmhoarted热心肠的,whitehaired白毛的[误]Thereisanalivefishinthepool.[正]Thereisalivingfishinthepool.[析]在初中范围内所学到的以a字母开头的形容词一般不能作定语,只能作表语。如:Thefishisalive.(鱼还活着)这样的形容词有:alive,alike,alone,asleep,afraid,awake等。[误]Theillmannearlydied.[正]Thesickmannearlydied.[析]ill一般不作定语来形容某人有病,而要用sick,但作表语时则都可以。如:Heisillsick,ill作定语时则另有他意,如:illluck(厄运),illnature(天性恶劣),illtemper(心绪不好)[误]Ihaveimportantsomethingtotellyou.[正]Ihavesomethingimportanttotellyou.[析]不定代词something,anyone,somebody…在用形容词修饰时,形容词应放其后。但要注意thing则不是不定代词,不符合上述规律。如:Ihaveanimportantthingtotellyou.[误]I'llbefreeonnextSunday.[正]I'llbefreenextSunday.[析]在表达将来时的时候:nextSunday,nextweek,nextyear或lastSundaylastweek,lastyear前都不加介词。[误]Thegirlistwoyearold.[正]Thegirlistwoyearsold.[正]Sheisatwoyearoldgirl[析]由连字符连接若干名词、数词……组成的形容词,在学习时要记住两点,其一是这些词中的名词都不要用复数形式,如:twothousandwordreport(两千字的报告);其二是这样构成的形容词只能作定语,即用于名词之前,而不能作表语。[误]TheforeignerslikethoselittlebeautifulChinesepaintings.[正]TheforeignerslikethosebeautifullittleChinesepaintings.[析]在名词前若有几个形容词作修饰语时,其顺序如下。1.指示代词,定冠词2.数量词3.性质词4.大小5.形状6.老少,新旧7.颜色8.材料但要注意的是英语的习惯是一个名词前的形容词一般不要多于三个。如:Whataprettylittlewhitehorse!ThosefirstfewshortEnglishstorieswerenotdifficulttounderstand.[误]ThebestwaytolearnEnglishgoodistospeakwithEnglishmaneveryday.[正]ThebestwaytolearnEnglishwellistospeakwithEnglishmaneveryday.[析]good是形容词,这里是修饰动词speak的,所以应用副词well,但well作形容词讲时只作身体好。如:Heiswell.(他身体很好)。Heisgood.(他是个好人)。[误]Thechildrenplayonthegrassnappyly.[正]Thechildrenplayonthegrasshappily[析]多音节y结尾的形容词变为副词时应将y变为i再加ly.[误]Theteacherlookedangryatthestudents.[正]Theteacherlookedangrilyatthestudents.[析]英语中感观动词后面要接形容词,这时它是修饰主语的,如:Thefoodsmellsgood.食物闻起来很香。Theteacherlookedangry老师看起来很生气。而此句的意思为:老师生气地看着学生,所以应用副词形式。[误]Heworkedwithmefriendly.[正]Hewasfriendlytome.[析]不是所有结尾是ly的词都是副词,但friendly是形容词,这样的词还有lovely,lonely,costly,lively…monthlyweekly…。但其中有些词既是副词,又是形容词,如:early,hourly,monthly…[误]Youcanspeakfreeinfrontofyourfriends.[正]Youcanspeakfreelyinfrontofyourfriends.[析]free作为形容词意为自由的,有空闲的,免费的。作为副词讲则是免费之意。而freely作为副词则是自由的,随便的。这些要注意的词还有:hard努力,艰苦hardly几乎不late迟,晚lately最近的,最新的near近nearly几乎like像likely几乎[误]Theymusthavearrivedtillnow.[正]Theymusthavearrivedbynow.[析]bynow是用于表达到目前为止某一动作已经发生,所以应用瞬间动词。而tillnow是强调某一动作一直持续到现在,所以一定要用持续性动词。musthave+过去分词是对过去某一事情所作的肯定推测。[误]Someonecalledyourightnow.[正]Someonecalledyoujustnow.[析]justnow有两个意思,其一是刚才,其二是现在,而rightnow只能用于现在的状态。just则用于完成时态,如:Ihavejustfinishedmyhomework.[误]MyfatherwillbebackfromAmericaatpresent.[正]MyfatherwillbebackfromAmericapresently.[析]presently有两个意思:其一是最近,不久,其二在美语中是现在之意,与atpresent相同。而forthepresent为暂时,如:IteachEnglishintheschoolforthepresent.[误]I'llbebackatthemoment.[正]I'llbebackinamoment.[析]atthemoment其意为现在,当时,而inamoment意为马上过一会,与inaminute意思相近。[误]ThetrainfromShanghaiwillarrivehereintime.[正]ThetrainfromShanghaiwillarrivehereontime.[析]ontime为准时,而intime有两个含意。其一是及时,如:Thedoctorarrivedintime。其二是将来,终究。[误]Imetanoldfriendsometimeslastmonth.[正]Imetanoldfriendsometimelastmonth.Sometime过去,或者将来某时。Sometimes有时如:SometimesIgotoschoolbybus.Sometime一些时间如:Ineedsometimetodomyhomework.Sometimes几次如:IwenttoShanghaisometimesthismonth.attimes有时,偶尔atalltimes经常someothertime改天[误]Ihadmetanoldfriendthreedaysago.[正]Ihadmetanoldfriendthreedaysbefore.[正]Imetanoldfriendthreedaysago.*ago用在时间状语中时,主句中谓语动词一般用过去时,而before用于时间状语时则主句的谓语动词宜用完成时态。[误]Hestudiedveryhard.andattheendhepassedtheexam.[正]Hestudiedveryhard,andintheendhepassedtheexam.[析]intheend=atlast意为最终,终于,表达经过若干努力而达到的结果。而attheend是在某事的结束时如何如何,如:Attheendofclass,theteachergaveussomestorybooks。[误]Iwil
本文标题:中考英语形容词副词总复习
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