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Lecture2TranslationintheLateMingDynastyandtheEarlyQingDynasty早期的西学东渐I.BibleTranslationII.ScienceTranslationI.BibleTranslation1.圣经在中国的翻译最早可推至唐朝。公元635年,东方基督教聂斯托利派(Nestorians)传教士阿罗本(Alopenzz)从波斯抵达西安传教译经,据公元1625年在西安出土的《大秦景教流行中国碑》所记,其中有「真经」、「旧法」、「经留二十七部」和「翻经建寺」等语,证实在唐朝时已有翻译圣经,并有一部份译本出版与流传,但并非全译,译本亦已失传。2.圣经在中国的翻译:汉语译本从语体角度可以分为三类:1)文言译本;2)半文半白译本;3)口语体译本(MandarinVersion),又称白话文译本和方言译本(ColloquialVersion),又称土白译本1.马士曼译本(MarshmansVersion)19世纪初年,基督教新教传教士开始将圣经翻译成中文,最早将圣经翻译为「深文理」的是在印度传教的英国浸礼会传教士马士曼(JoshuaMarshman)。他在出生於澳门的亚美尼亚人拉沙(JoannesLassar)的协助下开始翻译圣经,1810年出版马太福音、马可福音,1811年出版新约,1822年在印度塞兰坡(Serampore)出版圣经全书,称《新旧遗诏全书》,史称「马士曼译本」。2.马礼逊译本(Morrison'sVersion)1)1807年9月7日,第一位到中国的新教传教士、英国伦敦会的马礼逊(RobertMorrison)抵达广州,1808年根据伦敦会的指示开始翻译圣经。2)第一次在中国本土将圣经译为中文。3)第一个编撰英汉双语字典的传教士。3.郭实腊译本(MedhurstsVersion)1840年,马礼逊的儿子马儒翰(JohnRobertMorrison)、英国传教士麦都思(WalterH.Medhurst)、美国传教士裨治文(E.C.Bridgman)和德国传教士郭实腊(K.F.A.Gutzlaff)合作修订的圣经中文译本问世,即《郭实腊译本》。在以後十多年中,它一直是圣经主要译本,并多重印。旧约大部分为郭实腊所译,於1840年在香港出版。这部新约曾为太平天国所采用,并作了许多删改,在太平军辖区流传甚广。4.译名之争翻译过程中,发生了译名争执,对宇宙主宰God究竟应该译为「神」或「上帝」无法一致;新教一律不采用「天主」,对究竟采用「上帝」或「神」则长期争论不休,直到20世纪二十年代新教还认为God的译法一直是使人大伤脑筋的问题。II.科技翻译自佛经翻译高潮过去以后,直到明朝万历年间(1572-1620),肩负传教使命(文化扩张)的耶稣会士来到中国,带来了西方近代科学知识。于是出现了又一次翻译高潮,这次翻译高潮的内容以近代西方自然科学书籍为主,主要以耶稣会士与中国士大夫结合的方式进行翻译活动。Jesuitmissionaries利玛窦(MatteoRicci)汤若望(JohannAdamSchallvonBell)南怀仁(FerdinandVerbiest)Chineseelites:徐光启、李之藻、杨庭筠introductionofwesternlearningtotheeast:Astronomy,mathematics,physics,mechanics,geology利玛窦(MatteoRicci,1552—1610),意大利耶稣会传教士,基督教在中国传教的开拓者之一,也是第一位阅读中国文学并对中国典籍进行钻研的西方学者。他除传教外,还广交中国官员和社会名流,传播西方天文、数学、地理等科学技术知识。既是传教士,也是汉学家、翻译家。MatteoRicci(Italian:October6,1552–May11,1610)wasanItalianJesuitpriest,andoneofthefoundingfiguresoftheJesuitChinaMission,asitexistedinthe17th–18thcenturies.RiccicouldspeakChineseaswellasreadandwriteclassicalChinese,theliterarylanguageofscholarsandofficials.HewasknownforhisappreciationofChinesecultureingeneral.Helivedtherefornearly30yearsandwasapioneerintheattemptatmutualcomprehensionbetweenChinaandtheWest.Byadoptingthelanguageandcultureofthecountry,hegainedentrancetotheinteriorofChina,whichwasnormallyclosedtoforeignersHearrayedstrikingclock,tripleprism,armillarysphere(自鸣钟、三棱镜、浑天仪)andhungthemapoftheworldinhisabodetoattractvisitors.TheItalianJesuitMatteoRicci(left)andtheChinesemathematicianXuGuangqi(right)publishedtheChineseeditionofEuclid’sElements(几何原本)in1607.TheworldmapshatteredtheChinese’sdie-hardbeliefthatChinawasthecenterofthewholeworld.ThecomingofMatteoRiccikindledtheenthusiasmofChinesescholarstolearnwesternknowledge.AndfromthenonChinesescholarsbecameopen-mindedanddevelopedaninterestinlearningfromthewesterncountries,whichasaresulttouchedofftheideologicalrevolutionoftheChinesepeoplethatlastedformorethanonecentury.ChineseculturewasstronglyintertwinedwithConfucianvaluesandthereforedecidedtouseexistingChineseconceptstoexplainChristianity.HesaidthattheChinesecultureandpeoplealwaysbelievedinGod,andthatChristianityissimplythecompletionoftheirfaith.HeborrowedanunusualChineseterm,LordofHeaven(天主)whichisbasedonthetheisticZhouterm'Heaven,touseastheCatholicnameforGod.利玛窦还第一个把《四书五经》译成拉丁文,开了将中国典籍介绍到西方的先河。汤若望,(JohannAdamSchallvonBell1591-1666),德国人,1623年来北京。汤若望到北京后,仿效当年的利玛窦,将他从欧洲带来的数理天算书籍列好目录,呈送朝廷。又将带来的科学仪器在住所内一一陈列,请中国官员们前来参观。汤若望以他的数理天文学知识得到朝廷官员们的赏识。JohannAdamSchallvonBell(May1,1592-August15,1666)wasaGermanJesuitandastronomer.HespentmostofhislifeasamissionaryinChinaandbecameanadvisertotheShunzhiEmperoroftheQingdynastyIn1618heleftforChinaonaPortugueseshipwithagroupofmissionariesundertheleadofNicolasTrigault.ThefollowingyearthegroupreachedthePortuguesecolonyofMacaowhereSchallvonBellspentsometimelearningChinese.AGerman,whocametoBeijingin1623.FollowingtheexampleofMatteoRicci,hedisplayedthescientificinstrumentsinhisabodetoattractChineseofficialsforavisitandmadealistofthebooksandsubmittedittotheemperor.WiththehelpofLiZubai李祖白,hewrote《远镜说》,introducinginChineseGalileo’stelescope,thelatestinventioninEuropethen.Thebookwaspublishedin1629,expoundingindetailtheprinciple,structure,function,andusageofthetelescope,layingthefoundationforthepromulgationofphotologyandthemakingoftelescopesandexertingfarandwideinfluenceuponlatergenerations.AftertheQingdynastycametopower,SchallvonBellgainedaccesstotheemperorShunzhiandbecameoneofhistrustedcounselors.Hewasmadeamandarinandheldanimportantpostinconnectionwiththemathematicalschool:DirectoroftheImperialObservatoryandtheTribunalofMathematics.Laterin1630.hewasrecommendedbyXuGuangqitotheemperorandbegantoserveintheimperialcourt.Whileservinginthecourt,hemadevariousastronomicalinstrumentswithJacquesRho(罗雅各anItalianJesuitmissionary).XuGuangqi(1562-1633),aseniorcourtofficialandscientisttranslatorintheMingdynasty,wasconsideredasthefirstpersontosystematicallyintroducemodernWesternsciencetoChina.aChinesescholar-bureaucrat,agriculturalscientist,astronomer,andmathematicianintheMingDynasty.XuwasacolleagueandcollaboratoroftheItalianJesuitsMatteoRicciandSabatinodeUrsisandtheytranslatedseveralclassicWesterntextsintoChinese,includingpartofEuclid'sElements.Hewasalsotheauth
本文标题:中国翻译史2
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