中学英语语法分类复习-句子成分详析

二十五.句子成分详析句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有宾语、表语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。（一）主语：主语表示句子主要说明的人或事物，一般位于句首。但在therebe结构、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词(单数可数名词,复数可数名词,物质名词,抽象名词,专有名词),代词(人称代词,名词性物主代词,指示代词,不定代词和疑问代词,但相互代词和反身代词不作主语),数词(基数,序数,分数,小数,百分数),定冠词加形容词(或现在分词,或过去分词,或姓氏复数),不定式(有或无逻辑主语，疑问词加不定式),动名词(有或无逻辑主语),从句等充当。例如：Ahorserunsmuchfasterthanacow.（单数可数名词）Treesusuallyturngreeninspring.（复数可数名词）Woodburnseasilyindryweather.（物质名词）Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.（抽象名词）TheGreatWallhasalonghistory.（专有名词）WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.（人称代词）Tom’shouseishere,whilemineisoverthere.（名词性物主代词）Thosewhowillgohometodaypleasecallmelater.（指示代词）Somethingstrangehappenedafterheleft.（不定代词）Whoisthere?（疑问代词）Onethousandisagreatnumber.（基数词）ThefirstistheboyfromCanada.（序数词）One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.（分数）Fivepointthreeisthereadingonthethermometer.（小数）Twenty-fivepercentofthestudentshavearrived.（百分数）Therichshouldhelpthepoor.（定冠词加形容词）Thewoundedaretakengoodcareofatthehospital.（定冠词加过去分词）Thelivingshouldaccomplishthemissionofthedead.（定冠词加现在分词）TheWhitesareleavingforUKtomorrow.（定冠词加姓氏复数）Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.=Itisagreatpleasuretoswimintheriver.（不定式）Itishardformetofinishthetaskinsuchashorttime.（带逻辑主语的不定式）Whattodonextisnotclear.（疑问词加不定式）Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.（动名词）Hisarrivinglatemadethechairmanveryangry.（带逻辑主语的动名词）WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.=IthasnotbeendecidedyetwhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtest.（主语从句）（二）谓语：谓语说明主语的动作，状态或特征。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语动词可分为不及物动词,及物动词,短语动词(中学常见者有:动词+介词/副词,动词+名词+介词,动词+副词+介词,动词+介词+名词或动名词等)。Weoftenswiminthelakeinsummer.（不及物动词）Weshouldtakenotesinclass.（及物动词）Ifyouhavequestionstoask,putupyourhand.（短语动词）Wetakecareofthegardenhere.（短语动词）Pleaselistentotheteachercarefully.（短语动词）Weshouldtakehisbadhealthintoconsideration.（短语动词）Don’tlookdownuponthedisabled.（短语动词）谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.（2）由系动词加表语构成。如：Wearestudents.（三）表语：表语是谓语的一部分，说明主语身份，特征，属性或状态，它位于系动词（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）之后。表语可由名词(单数可数名词,复数可数名词,物质名词,抽象名词,专有名词),代词(人称代词,名词性物主代词,指示代词,不定代词),数词(基数,序数,分数,小数,百分数),形容词,部分副词,介词短语,定冠词加形容词,不定式(或疑问词加不定式),动名词(有或无逻辑主语),过去分词,从句等充当。例如：OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.（单数可数名词）Theseareyournewtools.（复数可数名词）Whatweneeddeadlyisenoughwater.（物质名词）Thatishistheory.（抽象名词）ThisisTom,ourleader.（专有名词）Theboyontheleftinthephotoisme.（人称代词）Isityours?（名词性物主代词）Whatheboughtisthis.（指示代词）Thisissomethingyoushouldremember.（不定代词）Theweatherhasturnedcold.（形容词）Timeisup.Theclassisover.（副词）Themachinemustbeoutoforder.（介词短语）Threetimessevenistwentyone?（基数词）Heisthefirsttocome.（序数词）Hereistwothirdsofthemoneyyouwant.（分数）Thereadingonthemeteristhirtypointfive.（小数）Whatweneedisfivepercentofthesum.（百分数）Theownersofthetallbuildingsarethericharoundhere.（定冠词加形容词）HisjobistoteachEnglish.（不定式）Theproblemishowtofindhimassoonaspossible.（带疑问词的不定式）Hishobbyisplayingfootball.（动名词）Whatmadehimhappywashisson’sreturning.（带逻辑主语的动名词）Thedoorisstillclosed.（过去分词）Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.（从句）（四）宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。名词(单数可数名词,复数可数名词,物质名词,抽象名词,专有名词),代词(人称代词,名词性物主代词,指示代词,不定代词,相互代词和反身代词),数词(基数,序数,分数,百分数),定冠词加形容词(或现在分词及过去分词以及姓氏复数),不定式(疑问词加不定式),动名词(有或无逻辑主语),从句等。例如：Theywenttoseeanexhibition（展览）yesterday.（单数可数名词）Weneedmoreworkersnow.（复数可数名词）Livingthingsneedwatertokeepalive.（物质名词）Weshouldstudyhistheorycarefully.（抽象名词）IvisitedTheGreatWalllastweek.（专有名词）Theheavyrainpreventedmeformcomingtoschoolontime.（人称代词宾格）Asyourumbrellaisbroken,takemineinstead.（名词性物主代词）Takethis,anddon’tshowittoothers.（指示代词）Ihavesomethingimportanttotellyou.（不定代词）Let’shelpeachother.（相互代词）HetaughthimselfEnglishwhenhewasinhisteens.（反身代词）Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.（基数词）Pleasegivemethethird.（序数词）Theyofferedmethree-fourthsoftheirland.（分数词）Theydestroyedfiftypercentoftheforest.（百分数）Weshouldrespectthedead.（形容词加定冠词）Wemustrescuetheliving.（现在分词加定冠词）Everyoneshoulddohisbesttohelpthedisabled.（过去分词加定冠词）IsawtheWangspicnickinginthewoodsyesterday.（姓氏加定冠词）Hepretendednottoseeme.（不定式）Ireallydon’tknowwheretogo.（疑问词加不定式）Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.（动名词）Sheissurprisedatmyreturning.（带逻辑主语的动名词）Ithink（that）heisfitforhisoffice.（宾语从句）宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lendmeyourdictionary,please.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor.（五）宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词,个别不定代词,形容词,部分副词,介词短语,不定式(省to或带to),现在分词,过去分词,动名词（极少），从句(极少)充当。例如：HisfathernamedhimJack.（名词）Wethinkitsomethingthatyoushouldkeepinmind.（不定代词）Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.Wefounditinterestingtopicnicthere.（形容词）Letthefreshairin.（副词）Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.（介词短语）Youmustn’tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.（带to不定式）Isawhimbuyanewcarthatday.（省to不定式）Wesawherenteringtheroom.（现在分词）WhenIcameback,Ifoundthedoorbroken.（过去分词）Thechildrentherecalledthisactswimming.（动名词）Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.（从句）（六）定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由名词,代词,形容词,个别副词,数词,介词短语,不定式,动名词,现在分词,过去分词,独立主格,从句等成分表示。Therearethirtywomenteachersinoursch