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It的使用it用来充当形式主语或形式宾语,后面的真正主语或真正宾语通常是不定式结构、动名词或名词性分句。It的这种用法叫作先行it。e.g.Itisquiteimportantforustoformagoodstudyinghabit.Ithinkitimportanttofinishthetaskintime.it用来充当形式主语,后置的真正主语往往可以取代先行it的位置,出现在句首。E.g.Toformagoodstudyinghabitisquiteimportantforus并非所有先行it结构都可转化,下边句子只能作如下转化。e.g.ItseemsthatJohnisnotcomingafterall.Johndoesn’tseemtobecomingafterall.Cleftit:Task1.句子的基本结构2.分裂句的本质3.分裂句的结构4.假拟分裂句句子结构主语+谓语已知信息新信息末端中心末端重心E.g.Itoldhimthenewsyesterday.分裂句的本质E.g.Itoldhimthenewsyesterday.E.g.ItisIthattoldhimthenewsyesterday分裂it分裂句是以it为引导词的强调句型。它的结构形式是:It+be的一定形式+中心成分+that/who分句。通过这种结构可以强调除谓语动词以外的大多数句子成分。说话人通过分裂句分别强调主语、间接宾语、直接宾语、状语,使之成为信息中心。分裂句中的谓语可以采取复杂形式E.g.ItisIwhoamtoblame.ItmayhavebeenatChristmasthatJohngaveMaryahandbag.ItwasinShanghaithatIgotmyMaster’sDegree.主语补语通常不作分裂句的中心成分。宾语补语可以这样用。Itisbeautifulthatsheis.ItisChairmanofthecommitteethattheyelectedhim集体名词作主语主谓一致1)通常作复数的集体名词集体名词,如:police,people,cattle,militia,poultry等,通常作复数,用复数动词。如:Domesticcattleprovideuswithmilk,beefandhides.2)通常作不可数名词的集体名词有些集体名词,如foliage,machinery,equipment,furniture,merchandise,通常作不可数名词,随后的动词用单数。例如:AllthemachineryinthefactoryismadeinChina.3)既可作单数也可作复数的集体名词集体名词,如audience,committee,class,crew,family,public,government等,既可作单数,也可作复数用。Thecitycouncilismeetingtosetitsagenda.4)acommittee,etc.of+复数名词如果主语是由“acommitteeof/apanelof/aboardof+复数名词”构成,随后的动词通常用单数。例如:Acommitteeoffivemenandthreewomenistoconsiderthematter.近义词辨析tired,exhausted,fatigued,weary,wornout这组词均含有“疲惫的”的意思。tired可指因体力或脑力消耗太多而需要休息,还可指因长期做某事而失去兴趣。Henrywassotiredthathewenttobedimmediatelyafterhegothome.亨利很疲惫,一到家就上床睡觉去了。exhausted表达的疲惫程度最强,指因劳累过度而精疲力竭。Theexhaustedengineerfellasleeponthebus.精疲力竭的工程师在公共汽车上睡着了。fatigued所表达的疲劳程度比tired和weary强,表示由于过度劳累而引起疲乏,不能再继续下去。Hefeltfatiguedanddidn’twanttosayasingleword.他疲惫不堪,不想说一句话。weary语气比tired强,指由于长时间努力工作或由于做单一的事而引起疲倦。Afteralongandwearywait,theplanefinallycametotakethemback.经过漫长而又令人疲乏的等待后,飞机终于来接他们回去了。wornout词不太正式,多用于口语。Thetroopswerewornoutafterwinningthebattle.战后,部队疲惫不堪。关于usedto的意义和用法:usedto(只有过去时形式,没有现在时形式)表示过去习惯动作或状态,这种情况现已不复存在。例如:Heusedtosmokealot,buthehaslonggivenupsmoking.在否定陈述句或否定疑问句中,用didn’tuseto或usedn’tto均可:Hedidn’tusetosmokecigarettes.Heusedn’ttosmokecigarettes.Didn’tMariausetobeinterestedinthetheatre?Usedn’tMariatobeinterestedinthetheatre?在肯定疑问句中也可有两种形式:UsedyoutogotothesameschoolasEdward?DidyouusetogotothesameschoolasEdward?近义词辨析use,apply,avail,employ,utilize这组词均含有“使用”或“利用”之意。use强调利用人或物作为工具。Heusedupallhisresourcesinexperimentingwiththenewpaint.他为实验新的涂料,花光了一切钱财。apply指把某物或某种方法、原理等加以应用。Weshouldnotonlyknowthetheorybutalsoknowhowtoapplyittopractice.我们不仅要知道理论,还要知道怎样把理论应用于实践。avail指使用就近的或他人给予的东西,或使别人为自己提供服务。Idon’tthinkcomplaintswillavailyoumuch.我觉得抱怨对你没多大用处。WeavailourselvesofeveryopportunitytospeakEnglish.我们利用一切机会讲英语。employ指使用未被利用的东西;用于人时表示雇用。Hedoesn’tknowhowtoemployhisenergyandtime.他不知道该怎么利用他的精力和时间。utilize指充分发挥某物的作用,使无用的东西变有用,或使人或物有新用途。Shehopestoutilizeherartistictalentsinthejob.她希望在工作中发挥她的艺术才能。阅读理解十大话题及其对策一.阅读理解十大话题社会话题:如商场偷窃(2004),体育商业化(2002)教育话题:如儿童择校(2001),大学教育(1997),教学方法(1997),科技话题:如轻型飞机(1993),昆虫思维(1994),来源:考试大人物传记;某小说家(1992),个人历史(1996),姓氏溯源(2000)历史研究:北爱尔兰问题(1992),法国变化(1993)妇女话题:夫妻关系(2001),家电与妇女(2002)种族话题:民族矛盾(1998)自然话题:雪崩(1996),海啸(1997),潮汐(1992)健康话题:饮酒与心脏病(1995),经济话题:如瑞士银行(2000),中国经济特区(2004)二、阅读理解五种材料说明文、记叙文、议论文、描写文、应用文(尤其是新闻报道)三、题型分析及应对策略1.主旨类(1)Whatisthemainidea(subject)ofthispassage?(2)Whatdoesthispassagemainly(primarily)concerned?(3)Themainthemeofthispassageis___________.(4)Themainpointofthepassageis__________.(5)Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthepassage?(6)Thetitlethatbestexpressesthethemeofthepassageis___________.(7)Onwhichofthefollowingsubjectwouldthepassagemostlikelybefoundinatextbook?(8)Thepurposeofthewriterinwritingthispassage_________.(9)Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthepassageasawhole?应对策略:跳读(skimming)文章的开头、结尾及段落的首句和尾句。主旨应该是宏观的,但有不能失之空泛。2.态度类(1)What’sthewriter’sattitudeto…?(2)What’sthetoneofthepassage?(3)Theauthor’sviewis_______(4)Thewriter’sattitudeof.thispassageisapparently_________-(5)Theauthorsuggeststhat_________(6)Accordingtoauthor__________应对策略:有的文章观点明确,基调清楚,这时跳读(skimming)文章的开头、结尾及段落的首句和尾句。而另一些则需要阅读时对某些细节仔细琢磨。尤其应注意有些表明作者观点词汇,如形容词、副词等。3.细节类(1)WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingtotheinformationinthepassage?(2)Whichofthefollowingismentionedinthepassage?(3)Whatistheexampleof...asdescribedinthepassage?(4)Theauthormentionsallofthefollowingexcept...(5)Thereasonfor...is...(6)Theauthorstatesthat...(7)Accordingtothepassage,when(where,why,how,who,etc.)...应对策略:寻读(scanning)出现关键词的相应段落,四个答案中相同的词即为关键词。仔细对比答案与文中相应细节。4.推理类(1)Thewriterimpliesbutnotdirectlystatesthat__________-.(2)Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat_________.(3)Theauthorstronglysuggeststhat__________.(4)Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat________.(5)Thepassageisintendedto__________.(6)Thewriterindicatesthat__________.应对策略:推理类题,可能是针对文章整体也可能是针对某个细节。如果是前者,跳读(skimming)文章的开头、结尾及段落的首句和尾句。即可得出答案。如果是后者,寻读(scanning)相应段落并仔细研读相应细节。5.词汇类(1)Accordingtotheauthor,theword…means_______.(2)Whichofthefollowingisnearestinmeaningto…?(3)Theterm..inparagraph…canbebestreplacedby….(4)What’sthemeaningof…inline…ofpa
本文标题:专业四级模拟题
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