专业英语中英对照

SpecializedEnglish-reviewⅠ.Words:1.OrganicChemistryalkane烷烃-ene烯(词尾)-yne炔(词尾)-ol醇(词尾)-al醛(词尾)-yl基(词尾)aldehyde醛，甲醛amide酰胺ether乙醚ketone酮alcohol醇carboxylicacid羧酸aceticacid乙酸，醋酸ester酯acidchloride酰氯carbon碳hydrocarbon烃carbohydrate碳水化合物Lewisacid路易斯酸Lewisbase路易斯碱amine胺ammonium铵Grignardreagent格式试剂carboniumion碳正离子carbonyl羰基benzene苯hydroxyl羟基functionalgroup官能团homologue同系物homologous同系(物)的heteroatom杂(环)原子organometallic有机金属的isomer同分异构体stereochemistry立体化学stereoisomer立体异构体opticallyactive旋光的，有旋光性的opticalrotation旋光度conformationalisomer构象异构体eclipsedconformation重叠构象staggeredconformation参差构象，对位交叉构象isolation分离reflux回流evaporation蒸发filtration过滤crystallization结晶化extraction萃取distillation蒸馏residue残余物，残渣by-product副产品dehydrate脱水(物)nucleophilic亲核的electrophilic亲电的addition加成(反应)substitution取代electronegativity电负性aliphatic脂肪族的aromatic芳香的derivative衍生物bederivedfrom由…衍生/得到parentmember母体bondangle键角singlebond单键doublebond双键triplebond三键cis顺式trans反式localized局限性delocalized离域resonance共振intermediate中间体polarize极化orbital轨道2.InorganicChemistryoxide氧化物hydroxide氢氧化物carbondioxide二氧化碳halide卤化物carbonate碳酸盐nitrate硝酸盐sulphate硫酸盐lithium锂sodium钠potassium钾calcium钙magnesium镁aluminium铝zinc锌copper铜iron铁oxidation氧化reduction还原hydrolysis水解neutralization中和decomposition分解acid酸oxyacid含氧酸hydrobromicacid氢溴酸hydrofluoricacid氢氟酸sulfuricacid硫酸phosphoricacid磷酸nitricacid硝酸base碱alkali碱alkali-earth碱土金属hydrogen氢nitrogen氮oxygen氧halogen卤素sp3-hybridizedsp3杂化formula化学式3.PhysicalChemistryintermolecular分子间的intramolecular分子内的thermodynamics热力学exothermic放热的endothermic吸热的law定律constant常数kinetics动力学ratecoefficient速率系数plot…against…绘制slope斜率reciprocal倒数mechanism机理order级pseudo-first-order准一级pseudo-second-order准二级crystal晶体amorphous非晶相phase相interfacialtension界面张力solute溶质solvent溶剂dissolve溶解soluble可溶的solubility溶解度capillary毛细管saturation饱和aqueous(含)水的equilibrium平衡forward正向backward逆向reversible可逆的irreversible不可逆的hydrophilic亲水的hydrophobic疏水的amphiphilic两亲的lipophilic亲脂性的surfactant表面活性剂cationic阳离子のanionic阴离子non-ionic非离子的positiveion阳离子，正离子negativeion阴离子，氟离子saponification皂化water-in-oil油包水oil-in-water水包contactangle接触wet湿的油角emulsifier乳化剂emulsion乳状液suspension悬浮starch淀粉preservative防腐剂zeolite沸石degradable可降解的adsorption吸附homogeneous均相heterogeneous非均相4.Analyticalchemistrytitration滴定analyte分析物titrant滴定标准液standardsolution标准溶液indicator指示剂complex-ometric配位滴定法precipitation沉淀，洗出ethylenedia-minetetraaceticacid(EDTA)乙二胺四乙酸qualitativeanalysis定性分析quantitativeanalysis定量分析equimolar等摩尔的molarity摩尔浓度concentr-ation稀释stoichiometric化学计量的dilute稀释chelatingagent螯合剂spectroscopy光谱学spectrum光谱massspectrometry质谱gaschromatography气象色谱法nuclearmagneticresonance核磁共振5.Polymerchemistrymacromolecule高分子，大分子polymer聚合物dimer二聚物trimer三聚物tetramer四聚物polysaccharide多糖additionpolymer加聚condensationpolymer缩聚linerpolymer班轮聚合net-workpolymer网状聚合物cross-linkedpolymer交联聚合物6.Chemicalindustryconduction传导convention规定countercurrent逆流co-current平行电流batchprocess间歇过程，分批工艺/法Ⅱ.Sentenses（一）单词的增译及省译1.Practicallyallsubstanceexpandwhenheatedandcontractwhencooled.实际上一切物质都是热胀冷缩的。(省译“when,and,when”)2.Organiccompoundsareusuallyvolatileandpossesslowmeltingpoints.有机化合物通常容易挥发且熔点较低。(省译动词“possess”)3.Beingstableinairatordinarytemperature,mercurycombineswithoxygenifheated.水银常温下在空气中是稳定的，但如果加热时，它会与氧化合。(增译“但”)（二）单词的引申译1.Tertiaryalcoholsareveryresistanttooxidation.叔醇难于氧化2.Fortheseriesofnormalalkanes,thosehavingonetofourcarbonatomsaregases.对直链烃系而言，含有一至四个碳原子的是气体。（三）名词的单复数1.Iftheunsaturationisduetothepresenceofatriplebondthenthecompoundsarecalledalkynes.如果不饱和现象是由于叁键的存在，则该类化合物称为炔烃。(加译“类”，“炔烃”不必译出复数。)2..Abodywithanegativechargepossessesmoreelectionsthanprotons.带负电的物体所含的电子比质子多。(不译作“一个负电，一个物体”)(四)词类转换的译法1.Thezincplatebecomesmoreandmorenegativelychargedwithelectrons,asmoreatomsofzincdissolve.随着越来越多的锌原子溶解，锌极板上充满了电子，使它变得越来越负。(adj.v.)2.Gasesdifferfromsolidsinthattheformerhavegreatercompressibilitythanthelatter.气体和固体的区别在于前者比后者有更大的压缩性。(v.n.)3.Oneoftheoutstandingpropertiesofcarbonatomisitsabilitytoshareitselectronswithothercarbonatoms.碳原子的突出性质之一是它能与其它碳原子共用其电子。(n.v.)4.Thechlorinefromsaltisusedforbleachingpaperandtextiles.用食盐制取的氯被用来漂白纸张和纺织品。(prep.v.)5.Intheirworktheypaymuchattentiontothecombinationoftheorywithpractice.他们在工作中非常注重理论联系实际。(n.v.)(五)句子成分转换的译法1.Inanabsorptionsystem,therefrigerantisusuallyammonia.吸收系统中，通常用氨做冷却剂。(表语宾语)2.Organiccompoundswillnotusuallyconductanelectriccurrentwheninsolution.有机化合物的溶液通常不导电。(状语主语)3.Thetwoelectronsinvolvedinacovalentbondhavetheirspinsoppositelydirected.此共价键中的两个电子的自旋方向相反。(宾语主语)4.Noneofthesemetalshaveconductivityhigherthancopper.这些金属的导电率都不会超过铜。(宾语主语)5.Thedifferenthydrocarbonsincrudeoilboilatdifferenttemperatures.原油中各种烃的沸点不同。(谓语主语)(六)词序转变的译法1.Wettingagentsarerequiredtoprepareproperdispersionoffineparticlepowdersinliquids/pastessuchascolormakeup.要制备将细小粉粒适当分散在液体或膏体中的产品，如着色化妆品，需要润湿剂。(状语的变序)2.Alkanesundergoreactionssuchascracking,alkylation,oxidation,halogenation,nitrationandsoon.烷烃能进行诸如裂化、烷基化、氧化、卤化、硝化等反应。(同位语的变序)(七)被动语态的译法1Large-scaleevaporationprocessisbeingdevelopedandusedforrecoveringpotablewaterfromseawater.Herethecondensedwateristhedesiredproduct.Onlyafractionofthetotalwa