IBDV病毒学翻译

Acuteinfectiousbursaldiseaseinpoultry:AreviewThisreviewisfocusedontheacuteformofinfectiousbursaldisease(IBD)causedbyveryvirulentIBDvirus(vvIBDV).本文主要讲述了由传染性法氏囊炎强毒引起的急性型传染性法氏囊炎。FirstdescribedinEuropeabout10yearsago,thisnewformofthediseasehasrapidlyspreadallovertheworld,causingdramaticlosses;afteradecade,itstillrepresentsaconsiderablethreattothepoultryindustry.十年前最先在欧洲发现这种新型疾病，后来迅速蔓延至全世界，造成养鸡业重大损失。十年后，该病仍然对养鸡业造成重大威胁。EmergenceoftheacuteformsofthediseasehasdrasticallychangedtheepidemiologyofIBD.急性型传染性法氏囊炎的出现彻底改变了该病的流行病学。Althoughtheiroriginisstillunderinvestigation,vvIBDVshavespreadallovertheworldinaveryexplosivebutconservedmanner.该病的病因仍在研究中，急性型法氏囊炎病毒已经以保守方式在全世界爆发。ThisraisesthequestionoftheoriginofvvIBDVs,ofthepossibleexistenceofreservoirsandofthepossibleemergenceofnew,distinctlineagesinthefuture.这就提出了变异的起源问题，基因库的存在和可能在未来不同的谱系中出现新的品系。WhileithasbecomeclearthataminoacidswithinthevariableregionofvirusproteinVP2accountforthemolecularbasisofantigenicvariation,nodefinitehotspotthatdeterminespathogenicityhasbeenidentified.虽然病毒的VP2蛋白氨基酸可变区为解释抗原的变异提供了分子基础，但仍然无法确定致病性的改变。FingerprintsofVP2onvvIBDVshavetobeconsideredmoreascommonevolutionarymarkersthanasvirulencemarkers.必须考虑VvIBDV的VP2的指纹的共同进化标志是不是毒力标志。Thesearchforsuchmarkersisinprogress.这种标志仍在研究中。Pathogenesisofthediseaseisstillpoorlyunderstood,andcytokinesmightplayacrucialroleintheonsetofthediseaseandinthedevelopmentofimmunosuppression.本病的发病机制仍知之甚少，细胞因子可能在发病的疾病和免疫抑制的发展中发挥了至关重要的作用。Mechanismssuchasapoptosisandnecrosishavebeendescribedinlymphoidorgansandareinvolvedintheseverityofthedisease.细胞凋亡和坏死等机制已在淋巴器官的描述和参与了疾病的严重性。Macrophages,especially,couldplayaspecificroleintheacutephase.尤其是巨噬细胞可以在急性时期发挥特定作用。Classicalserotype1vaccinesstillinducegoodprotection,buttheactualproblemforcontrolofthediseasehasbecametheinterferenceofmaternallyderivedantibodyintheestablishmentofthevaccinationschedule.虽然经典的1型疫苗仍能形成较好的保护作用，但疫苗接种计划的建立干扰母源抗体已经成为了对疾病控制的实际问题。Thedevelopmentofsafevaccinesthatcouldeithertransmitahighpassiveimmunitywhichcouldprotectbroilersduringthewholegrowingperiodorprimeanimmuneresponsebeforeorathatchinginthepresenceofpassiveimmunitymightbeestablishedinthenearfuture.安全疫苗的发展可以产生高被动免疫，这可能会保护肉鸡在整个生长期或前或在孵化过程中存在的被动免疫，并在不久的将来建立的免疫反应。Inthiscontext,recombinantvaccinesandvirus-neutralizingfactortechnologymighthaveanadvantageoverotherapproaches.在这种情况下，重组疫苗和病毒的中和因子技术可能比其他方法更具优势。IntroductionInfectiousbursaldisease(IBD)hasbeenagreatconcernforthepoultryindustryforalongtime,butparticularlyforthepastdecade.Indeed,its“reemergence”invariantorhighlyvirulentformshasbeenthecauseofsignificanteconomiclosses.在过去十年，传染性法氏囊病（IBD）长期以来一直受到养鸡业的极大关注，并已经在不同程度上造成了巨大经济损失。Until1987,thestrainsofviruswereoflowvirulence,causinglessthan2%specificmortality,andsatisfactorilycontrolledbyvaccination.直到1987年，病毒的菌株毒力降低，死亡率小于2％，并通过免疫接种能达到控制效果。Butin1986and1987,vaccinationfailuresweredescribedindifferentpartsoftheworld.IntheUS,itwasdemonstratedthatthenewisolateshadbeenaffectedbyantigenicdriftagainstwhichclassicalIBDvirus(IBDV)vaccineswerenotsatisfactorilyprotective.但在1986年和1987年，世界各地都出现疫苗免疫失败的消息。在美国，它表明了该新菌株已经出现抗原变异，以往针对其经典的IBDV的疫苗均难以达到保护效果。Surprisingly,someofthesefirstacuteoutbreaksoccurredinbroilers,attheendofthefatteningperiod,atfarmswhereallthehygienicandprophylacticmeasureshadbeentaken.已经采取了所有的卫生和预防措施的情况下，该病毒第一次爆发流行于在育肥期结束的肉鸡。Althoughnoantigenicdriftwasdetected,strainsofincreasedvirulencewereidentified.虽然没有做抗原漂移的检测，但已经鉴定出毒力增强的菌株。ThissuddenonsetofhypervirulentIBDcreatedtheneedforabettercharacterizationofthecirculatingstrainssothat,inthefuture,thevaccinationschedulecouldbeadaptedfastertoanewepidemiologicalsituation.爆发的IBD强毒的创建需要流行株，产生新的流行病学和新的疫苗接种时间表。Furtherimprovementinthecontrolofthediseasewillonlyberealizedthroughabetterunderstandingoftheviralstructureandthemechanismsofpathogenesis.只有更好地理解本病毒结构和发病机制的机制才能更好的控制疾病发展。Duringthe63rdGeneralSessionoftheOfficeInternationaldesEpizooties,itwasestimatedthatIBDhasconsiderablesocio-economicimportanceattheinternationallevel,asthediseaseispresentinmorethan95%oftheMemberCountries.在国际兽疫局的第63届大会中提到IBD在国际上具有相当的社会和经济的重要性，因为目前超过95％的成员国都存在这种疾病。Inthissurvey,80%ofthecountriesreportedtheoccurrenceofacuteclinicalcases.在本次调查中，80％的国家报告出发生急性临床病例。Althoughisolatesfromdifferentcountrieshavebeenexamined,thecurrenttypingconfusesantigenicandpathogeniccriteria.虽然已经对来自不同国家的菌株进行了审查，但目前抗原性和致病性的标准发生了混淆。Thesituationissufficientlyunclearastorequiremoreextensivecomparativestudies.Particularly,theabsenceofknownmarkerstoeasilycharacterizeverypathogenicviralstrainsisaserioushindrance,preventingearlydetectionandapplicationofspecificprophylacticmeasuresassoonastheyappear.出现这种情况的原因尚不清楚，需要更广泛的比较研究。另外，由于没有得出强致病毒株的明显表征，这是防控疾病的一个严重的障碍，所以应做到早期发现和并用应用特定预防措施。Moreover,thereisawidevariationindiseasecontrolproceduresthatseldomconformtoaspecificorstandardplan.此外，该病的控制程序难以符合特定标准或常跟计划出现很大的差异。Thesefeaturesjustifiedtheelaborationofaspecificresolution。应根据这些特点合理制定出具体的处理方案。TheEuropeanpicturehasbeendominatedforadecadebytheemergenceofveryvirulent(vv)IBDVstrainsofinfectiousbursaldisease.由于IBDV强毒株的出现欧洲的图片一直使用了十年。Thesestrainshavenowspreadalloverthe