Lecture_89_修改版语法

课程：《新编英语语法教程》Lecture8PronounI代词(一)pronounconcordinnumberpronounconcordingenderclassificationofpronounTeachingContent:pronounconcordinpersonI.ClassificationofpronounPersonalPronounPossessivePronounReflexivePronounReciprocalPronounDemonstrativePronounInterrogativePronounRelativePronounIndefinitePronoun代词属于封闭词类，共分为八类：II.Pronounconcordinnumber代词和物主限定词单、复数形式取决于先行项（它们的指代对象）的单复数。e.g.SmithandIwenttotheStatestogether.Westayedthereforthreeweeks.SmithwenttotheStates.Hestayedthereforthreeweeks.e.g.Somebodyleft____bookonthedesk.Everyonecaresabout____ownthings.(A.hisB.their)hishis解析：(1)通常按语法一致用单数；(2)非正式语体中，代词可用复数；(3)everybody,everyone为先行项时，用复数比较自然。1.Pronounconcordwithevery-,some-,any-compoundsasantecedentII.Pronounconcordinnumbere.g.Thesecretaryandtreasurerwantstotellme_____experiences.Thesecretaryandthetreasurerwanttotellme_____experiences.histheir2.Pronounconcordwithcoordinateconstructionasantecedent解析：当先行项为某些并列结构时，一般依据该并列结构的单、复数意义决定代词以及相应限定词的单、复数形式。II.Pronounconcordinnumbere.g.Theteamhaswonitsfirstgame.Theteamarenowtakingtheirpracticeshots.3.Pronounconcordwithcollectivenounasantecedent解析：当先行项为某些集体名词时，一般依据该集体名词的单、复数意义决定代词以及相应限定词的单、复数形式,即依据集体名词用作整体还是个体成员。II.Pronounconcordinnumbere.g.Theyeachhad_____questions.Theyhadeach_____ownproblem.(A.hisB.their)histheir4.Pronounconcordwith“pluralnoun/pronoun+each”asantecedent解析：1.如果结构为“pluralnoun/pronoun+each+v”，人称代词用复数2.如果结构为“pluralnoun/pronoun+v+each”，人称代词用单数也就是说，人称代词的单复数取决于each出现在动词前还是动词后．II.PronounconcordinnumberIII.Pronounconcordingender阳性（MasculineGender）e.g.man,father…阴性（FeminineGender）e.g.woman,mother…中性（NeuterGender）e.g.water,computer通性（CommonGender）e.g.professor,child…英语名词有四个性：e.g.Myfatherisakindperson.Wealllikehim.Sheissobeautiful.Allofthepeopleinthecollegeknowher.III.Pronounconcordingender英语中使用代词要注意与先行项保持“性”的一致．主要包括单数第三人称代词﹑物主代词﹑反身代词以及相应的限定词．1.先行项为阳性或阴性，代词相应用阳性或阴性。①通常用用阳性代词或相应的限定词．②为了避免女权维护者的反对，可以用复数形式，以避免使用代词或限定词．③法律文书或正式语体中，用heorshe,hisorher④如果baby,child,infant等为先行项，如果说话人不知性别，用it；如果知道,用相应代词．III.Pronounconcordingender2．先行项为通性时①通常用中性（it,its,itself）;②如果说话人带感情色彩，可用阳性，可用阴性。阴性:a.男主人称汽车为sheb.雌性动物用shec.天体如月亮用shed.国家名称用shee.船员称船为sheIII.Pronounconcordingender3.先行项为中性名词时阳性：a.女主人称汽车为he.b.雄性动物用he.c.天体如太阳用heIV.Pronounconcordinperson1.代词及其先行项在同一句以及上下句中保持一致.e.g.Whenyouseeher,youshould…*Whenoneseeher,youshould…Whenoneseeher,one/heshould…英语有三种人称:FirstPersonSecondPersonThirdPerson人称一致指代词的人称形式必须和它的先行项保持一致.2.语篇中也应该用同一人称贯穿到底.TheEnd!课程：《新编英语语法教程》Lecture9PronounII代词(二)主讲人：周海平PronounreferenceChoiceofpronouncaseformsTeachingContent:ReflexivepronounsI.Choiceofpronouncaseformse.g.What!Me(to)playhimatchess?No!人称代词有三种格：主格（Subjectivecase）宾格（Objectivecase）属格（Genitivecase）1.Choicebetweensubjectiveandobjectivecase（1）在非正式语体中，在省略谓语动词的不完全句式中一般用宾格，表示惊讶，气愤等情绪。e.g.Heisricherthanusall.Heismorehandsomethanthemboth.(2).在比较分句中,做主语用主格,作宾语用宾格.e.g.Itrustyouasmuchasshe(trustsyou).Itrustyouasmuchasher(...asItrusther).注：当有all,both作同位语时,用宾格.I.Choiceofpronouncaseformse.g.Itis____whoisourheadteacher.Itis____thatwearetalkingabout.(A.sheB.her)（3）在分句中作主语补语传统语法用主格,习惯上用宾格。shehere.g.A:Whoisknockingatthedoor?B:Itisme.（4）在分句中作主语用主格;在分句中作宾语用宾格。I.Choiceofpronouncaseforms（5）Everybodyexcept____isfriendlytous.Everybodyisfriendlytousexcept____.Welikeeverybodyexcept____.(A.sheB.her)sheherher解析：a.everybody/nobody+but/except+主格b.everybody/nobody…+but/except+宾格c.如果everybody/nobody+but/except作句子宾语,则用宾格。I.Choiceofpronouncaseforms①做主语用主格，做宾语或介词补足成分用宾格。e.g.Whocansolveourproblem?Whomcanwetrust?②who引导的分句中，who之后有Ibelieve,Ithink等插入语，关系代词用主格。e.g.SheisapersonwhoIthinkisverybeautiful.③whoever,whomever的用法与who和whom相同。（6）who&whomI.Choiceofpronouncaseforms2.Choicebetweenobjectiveandgenitivecasee.g.Icannotunderstand____refusingtodothatforme.Hedoesn’tdeny____breakingthewindow.____leavinghomesoearlyissostrange.Wefind____cheatingontheexam.(A.hisB.him)hishisHishimI.Choiceofpronouncaseforms①带有人称代词作主语的-ing分词分句在主句中作宾语时，用属格。②主句带有defer,deny,postpone等作谓语动词时，只用属格。③如果在主句中作主语，通常也只用属格。④人称代词在主句中作宾语，随后的-ing分词分句作补语时，只用宾格。解析：I.Choiceofpronouncaseforms作同位语作介词补足成分作宾语其他用法II.ReflexivePronoun反身代词II.ReflexivePronoune.g.ThepresidenthimselfwilltalktoHelen.ThepresidentwilltalktoHelenhimself.Himself,thepresidentwilltalktoHelen.Helenwilltalktothepresidenthimself.1.作同位语①去掉后不影响句意②强调主语位置较灵活,可放主语前面也可以放后面还可以放句尾③强调句子其他成分时,只能放在后面④当主语和宾语性别相同时,注意避免歧义2.作介词补足成分e.g.Youthinktoomuchofyourself.此用法非强调用法,不需重读,也不能省略e.g.Youthinktoomuchofyourself,notabouthim.此用法表示对比意义，属于强调用法,需要重读e.g.Thismatterisbetweenourselves.可与某些介词搭配表示特殊意义II.ReflexivePronoune.g.Youmustpullyourselftogether.此结构为“动词+反身代词+副词”e.g.Heappliedhimselftothetask.此结构为“动词+反身代词+介词”e.g.Don’tmakeapigofyourself.（狼吞虎咽）此结构为成语3.作宾语II.ReflexivePronoune.g.Hebehavedhimselffairlywellwhenhewasatcollege.在某些SVO结构中，与behave,conduct,deport等动词搭配表示行为举止的好坏。e.g.Shemadeherselfafinedress.在某些SVoO结构中,间接宾语通常用反身代词.e.g.Hetalkedhimselfhoarse.在某些以反身代词作宾语的SVOC结构中,其宾语补语有时候表示某一动作对自己引起的后果.II.ReflexivePronoune.g.Theenemyfoundthemselvesinadilemma.在由“find,hear,catch+反身代词”构成的SVOC结构中,宾语补语有时表示自己处在某种不自觉的状态.e.g.Shestillfanciesherselfyoungandbeautiful.在由“fancy,see+反身代词”构