数控车床主轴组件设计

毕业论文（设计）机电工程系级机电一体化专业题目：数控车床主轴组件设计学生姓名：指导教师：班级：2008年06月10日-2-目录绪论························································4一、设计题目及参数············································51.1题目·················································51.2参数·················································5二、主轴的要求及结构·········································52.1主轴的要求···········································52.1.1旋转精度··········································52.1.2静刚度··············································62.抗振性·················································62.1.4温升和热变形········································62.耐磨性·················································72.1.6材料和热处理········································72.2主轴的结构············································7三、主传动系统变速方式········································8四、机床夹具的确定··········································10五、主轴主要参数的计算及校核·································115.1主轴主要参数的计算···································115.1.1主轴前端直径D1····································125.1.2主轴内径d·········································125.1.3主轴前端悬伸量确定·······························135.1.4主轴跨距的确定····································145.2轴的刚度计算········································15六、主轴轴承的选择···········································166.1轴承的选型··········································166.1.1角接触球轴承·····································176.1.2圆柱滚子轴承·······································196.1.3圆锥滚子轴承·······································16-3-6.1.4深沟球轴承·········································196.2轴承间隙调整和预紧···································19七、主轴箱箱体的设计·········································207.1主轴箱的概述·········································207.2主传动的设计········································207.2.1驱动源的选择······································207.2.2传动轴的估算······································217.2.3齿轮模数的估算····································237.2.4V带的选择··········································247，3主轴箱展开图的设计··································247.3.1各零件结构尺寸的设计······························247.3.1.1设计内容和步骤······························247.3.1.2有关零件结构和尺寸的设计························257.3.1.3各轴结构的设计···································277．3.1.4主轴组件的刚度和刚度损失的计算···············287.3.1.5轴承的校核·······································30八、主轴组件的润滑和密封···································328.1主轴滚动轴承的润滑·································328.1.1脂润滑·············································328.1.2油润滑·············································338.2主轴组件的密封·······································33设计心得····················································35参考文献····················································37-4-绪论随着市场上产品更新换代的加快和对零件精度提出更高的要求，传统机床已不能满足要求。数控机床由于众多的优点已成为现代机床发展的主流方向。它的发展代表了一个国家设计、制造的水平，在国内外都受到高度重视。现代数控机床是信息集成和系统自动化的基础设备，它集高效率、高精度、高柔性于一身，具有加工精度高、生产效率高、自动化程度高、对加工对象的适应强等优点。实现加工机床及生产过程的数控化，已经成为当今制造业的发展方向。可以说，机械制造竞争的实质就是数控技术的竞争。本课题的目的和意义在于通过设计中运用所学的基础课、技术基础课和专业课的理论知识，生产实习和实验等实践知识，达到巩固、加深和扩大所学知识的目的。通过设计分析比较机床的某些典型机构，进行选择和改进，学习构造设计，进行设计、计算和编写技术文件，达到学习设计步骤和方法的目的。通过设计学习查阅有关设计手册、设计标准和资料，达到积累设计知识和提高设计能力的目的。通过设计获得设计工作的基本技能的训练，提高分析和解决工程技术问题的能力，并为进行一般机械的设计创造一定的条件。-5-第一章设计题目及参数1.1题目本设计的题目是数控车床的主轴组件的设计。它主要由主轴箱，主轴，电动机，主轴脉冲发生器等组成。我主要设计的是主轴部分。主轴是加工中心的关键部位，其结构优劣对加工中心的性能有很大的影响，因此，在设计的过程中要多加注意。主轴前后的受力不同，故要选用不同的轴承。1.2参数床身回转空间400mm尾架顶尖与主轴端面距离1000mm主轴卡盘外径Φ200mm最大加工直径Φ600mm棒料作业能力50～63mm主轴前轴承内和110～130mm最大扭矩480N·m第二章主轴的要求及结构2.1主轴的要求2.1.1旋转精度主轴的旋转精度是指装配后，在无载荷，低转速的条件下，主轴前端工件或刀具部位的径向跳动和轴向跳动。主轴组件的旋转精度主要取决于各主要件，如主轴、轴承、箱体孔-6-的的制造，装配和调整精度。还决定于主轴转速，支撑的设计和性能，润滑剂及主轴组件的平衡。通用（包括数控）机床的旋转精度已有标准规定可循。2.1.2静刚度主轴组件的静刚度（简称刚度）反映组件抵抗静态外载荷变形的能力。影响主轴组件弯曲刚度的因素很多，如主轴的尺寸和形状，滚动轴承的型号，数量，配置形式和预紧，前后支撑的距离和主轴前端的悬伸量，传动件的布置方式，主轴组件的制造和装配质量等。各类机床主轴组件的刚度目前尚无统一的标准。2.1.3抗振性主轴组件工作时产生震动会降低工件的表面质量和刀具耐用度，缩短主轴轴承寿命，还会产生噪声影响环境。振动表现为强迫振动和自激振动两种形式。影响抗振性的因素主要有主轴组件的静刚度，质量分布和阻尼（特别是主轴前支撑的阻尼），主轴的固有频率应远大于自激振动的频率，以使它不易发生共振。目前，尚未制定出抗振性的指标，只有一些实验数据可供设计时参考。2.1.4温升和热变形主轴组件工作时因各相对运动处的摩擦和搅油等而发热，产生温升，从而使主轴组件的形状和位置发生变化（热变形）。主轴组件受热伸长，使轴承间隙发生变化。温度使润滑油粘度降低，-7-降低了轴承的承载能力。主轴箱因温升而变形，使主轴偏离正确位置。前后轴承的温度不同，还会导致主轴轴线倾斜。由于受热膨胀是材料固有的性质，因此高精度机床要进一步提高加工精度，往往受热变形的限制。研究如何减少主轴组件的发热，如何控制温度，是高精度机床主轴组件的研究的主要课题之一。2.1.5耐磨性主轴组件的耐磨性是指长期保持原始精度的能力，即精度保持性。对精度有影响的首先是轴承，其次是安置刀，夹具和工件的部位，如锥孔，定心轴径等。为了提高耐磨性，一般机床主轴上的上述部分应淬硬至HRC60左右，深约1mm.2.1.6材料和热处理主轴承载后允许的弹性变形很小，引起的应力通常远远小于钢的强度极限。因此，强度一般不做为选材的依据。主轴的形状，尺寸确定之后，刚度主要取决于材料的弹性模量。各种材料的弹性模量几乎相同，因此刚度也不是选材的依据。主轴材料的选择主要根据耐磨性和热处理变形来考虑。普通机床的材料通常是45号或60号优质中碳钢，数控机床需调质处理和淬火。2.2主轴的结构为了提高刚度，主轴的直径应该大些。前轴承到主轴前端的距离（称悬伸量）应尽可能小一些。为了便于装配，主轴通常作成阶梯形的，主轴的结构和形状与主轴上所安装的传动件，轴承等零件的类型，数量，-8-位置和安装方法有直接的关系。主轴中的孔主要用于通过棒料，拉杆或其它工具。为了能够通过更大的棒料，车床的中空希望大些，但受刚度条件的影响和限制，孔径一般不宜超过外径的70%。主轴的结构如（附图1）。图1第三章主传动系统变速方式为了适应不同的加工要求，数控机床主传动主要有以下几种配置方式：（1）带有变速齿轮的主传动。这种方式在大、中型数控机床采用较多。通过少数几对齿轮降速，扩大了输出扭矩，以满足主轴的输出扭矩特性的要求，一部分小型数控机床也采用此种传动方式。以获得强有力的切削时所需要扭矩。数控机床使用可调无级变速交流、直流电动机。所以经齿轮变速后，实现8段无级变速，调速范围增加。其优点是可满足各种切削运动输出转矩，具有大范围调速能力。但是由于结构复杂，-9-需要增加润滑及温度控制装置。成本较高，此外，制造和维修也比较困难。（参图a）（2）一级带传动变速方式。这种传动方式主要应用在中小型数控机床上。采用V型带或同步带传动，可以避免齿轮传动时可引起的振动与噪声，适用于低扭矩特性要求的主轴。这种方式结构简单，安装方便，调试容易，被广泛用于许多数控机床传动中。（参图b）（3）调速电机直接驱动方式，这种主轴传动方式大大简化了主轴箱体与主轴的结构，有效地