母乳喂养的益处

母乳喂养的益处，分娩方式对母乳喂养的影响以及确保成功的母乳喂养THEBENEFITSOFBREASTFEEDING,HOWBIRTHPRACTICESIMPACTBREASTFEEDING,ANDENSURINGBREASTFEEDINGSUCCESSPresentedbyYanhongWheelerandIvyMakelinLaLecheLeagueLeaders,Beijing国际母乳会哺乳辅导,北京地区您可能不知道以下让人惊讶的事实SurprisingFactsYouMayNotKnow…母乳中含有超过400种有益成分，而这些成分是奶粉里根本没有的。Thereareover400ingredientsinbreastmilkthatarenotfoundinformula.每一滴母乳中蕴含了数以百万的活性免疫细胞，而在一罐奶粉里找不到一个活的细胞，奶粉里只可能有被污染而滋生出的细菌。Therearemillionsofliveimmunecellsineachdropofbreastmilk,butnotasinglelivecellinawholecanofformulaexceptforperhapsbacteria.您可能不知道以下让人惊讶的事实SurprisingFactsYouMayNotKnow…使用奶粉可能导致婴儿胃肠道出血，以及各种感染和过敏症状。Formulafeedingcancausegastrointestinalbleedingfortheinfantaswellasleadtodevelopmentofvariousinfections,allergiesandchronicdiseases.根据联合国相关部门统计，全世界每年有一百五十万的婴儿死亡案例与使用奶粉或其他代乳品有关。AccordingtoUNagencies,formulasandbreastmilksubstitutesareresponsiblefor1.5millioninfantdeathsworldwideperyear.母乳喂养=健康宝宝BREASTFEEDING=HEALTHIERBABIES少生病，生病严重程度轻，并且恢复快。Sicklessoften,andwithlessseverity,shorterduration.不易产生耳朵感染和呼吸道疾病。Fewerearinfectionsandrespiratorydisease从婴儿到成年，患过敏，哮喘和皮疹的几率降低。Fewerallergies,asthmaandeczemathroughoutlife有效的降低了婴儿死亡率及幼儿癌症、糖尿病、肥胖、心血管疾病、消化道感染、脑膜炎、牙齿咬合畸形及龋齿的发病率。Lessincidenceofmortality,childhoodcancers,diabetes,obesity,cardiovasculardisease,GIinfections,meningitis,alteredocclusion,dentalcaries.有利于婴儿牙床，颌骨，牙齿，语言能力的发育。Havebetterjaw,speech,teethandoculardevelopment预防一些致命的早产儿并发症，如新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎（NEC）。Protectsprematurebabiesfromfatalcomplication:NEC(necrotizingenterocolitis)母乳喂养=健康宝宝BREASTFEEDING=HEALTHIERBABIES有助于宝宝的IQ发育，母乳喂养时间越长，宝宝的IQ越高，以后上学的成绩也越好。HelpsbabyreachhisIQpotential-thelongerbabyisbreastfed,thebetterhisIQandgradesinschool.避免营养不良和食用受污染奶粉而引起的感染性疾病。Lessincidenceofnutritionaldeficienciesandinfectionorsideeffectsfromcontaminatedformula.母乳喂养还可以加强宝宝接种疫苗后的免疫反应。Breastfeedingenhancesthebaby’sresponsetoimmunizationshereceives.母乳喂养=健康妈妈BREASTFEEDING=HEALTHIERMOM有助于妈妈减轻因怀孕而增加的体重，每天光母乳喂养就要消耗妈妈500大卡的热量。Helpsmomlosepregnancyweight(500caloriesburnedperdayjustbybreastfeeding!)降低患骨质疏松的可能性。Lowerriskofosteoporosis降低患类风湿性关节炎的可能性。Lowerincidenceofrheumatoidarthritis降低患二型糖尿病的风险。LowerriskfordiabetestypeII母乳喂养的妈妈不易患乳腺癌，卵巢癌和子宫内膜癌。研究表明喂养时间越长，患病机会就越低。Breastfeedingmotherhaslowerriskofbreast,ovarianandendometrialcancers.Studiesshow--thelongerthedurationofbreastfeeding,thelowertherisks母乳喂养BREASTFEEDING…省时又省钱。Savestimeandmoney方便妈妈外出。Easierformothertogoout帮助妈妈建立自信，促进母婴联系。Buildsmother’sself-confidenceandpromotesbonding有助于妈妈更好的放松和休息。Helpsmotherrelaxandrestbetter有益于环境保护。Isenvironmentallyfriendly在经济情况下，或自然灾害时，不需依赖外物就可以保证宝宝的必需营养。Readilyavailableduringemergenciesornaturaldisasters母乳喂养是金标准BREASTFEEDINGISTHEGOLDSTANDARD母乳喂养是喂养宝宝的标准方式，奶粉喂养只是权宜之计。Breastfeedingisthestandard,formulafeedingissub-standard.世界卫生组织推荐，婴儿喂养的首要选择应该是母乳喂养，其次是妈妈将乳汁吸出喂养宝宝，再次是用其他妈妈的母乳来喂养，最后才是奶粉喂养。AccordingtoWHO,thefirstchoiceforinfantfeedingismother’sbreastmilk,secondchoiceismother’sexpressedbreastmilk,thirdchoiceisthebreastmilkofanothermother,andthelastchoiceisformulamilk.健康与安全HEALTH&SAFETYIS#1生产往往只是一两天的过程，而母乳喂养是一个长期的过程，是以年来计算时间的。Birthdurationisadayortwo;breastfeedingdurationismeasuredinyears.作为关心宝宝出生健康与安全的医护人员，更应该将如何安全的喂养宝宝也放在首位。Ifbirthprofessionalsaresoconcernedaboutbaby’ssafetyandhealthduringbirth,thenweshouldalsomakesafefeedingpracticesapriority.分娩方式对母乳哺育的影响——绪论HOWBIRTHPRACTICESAFFECTBREASTFEEDING–INTRODUCTION目前很多分娩时的措施可能会影响母乳哺育。Manyofourcurrentbirthpracticesmayinterferewithbreastfeeding.有些是医学上所必须的，有些是助产士，与/或是病人所要求的。Somearemedicallynecessary,somearedesiredbytheparents,someareunnecessarilyimposedbyphysicians.分娩方式对母乳哺育的影响——绪论HOWBIRTHPRACTICESAFFECTBREASTFEEDING–INTRODUCTION对于单一的不利干预，母亲和婴儿通常能够适应，克服，从而成功地进行母乳哺喂。Withasingleunfavorableintervention,motherandbabyareusuallystillabletoadapt,overcome,andsuccessfullybreastfeed.但对同一对母婴进行太多干预，可能超出他们能适应的界线，母乳哺喂可能会失败。BUTwithsomanyinterventionsinthesamemotherandbaby,weapproachthelimitsofadaptability–limitsbeyondwhichbreastfeedingwillfail.母亲可以选择的干预INTERVENTIONSABOUTWHICHMOTHERSOFTENHAVEACHOICE选择性引产Electiveinductionoflabor选择性的与反复的剖腹产Electiveandrepeatcesareandelivery使用止痛药物Useofpainmedication母婴分离Separationofmotherandbaby引产与母乳哺育的关系RELATIONSHIPBETWEENINDUCTIONOFLABORANDBREASTFEEDING怀孕期测定PREGNANCYDATING平均怀孕周数是40周，但正常范围在37至42周之间。“分娩期”预估于5周之内。Pregnancyaverages40weeks,butarangeof37-42weeksisnormal.The“duedate”isanestimateina5weekrange.妊娠头三个月时的超音波检查最能准确地估计出怀孕周数，误差约在1周内。Firsttrimesterultrasoundisthemostaccuratewaytopredictgestationalagewithin1week.怀孕期测定PREGNANCYDATING其它阶段的超音波计算不准确：妊娠中三个月的超音波检查估计的怀孕周数误差值在2周内，妊娠末三个月超音波检查估计的怀孕周数误差值在3周内。Otherultrasoundcalculationsarenotprecise:2ndtrimesterultrasoundpredictsgestationalagewithin2weeks.3rdtrimesterultrasoundpredictsgestationalagewithin3weeks.在37周前和42周后的分娩对母婴风险增加。Riskstomotherandbabyincreasebefore37wksandafter42wks.1956年产科学OBSTETRICSKnock‘emout,drag‘emout.“打敲出来，拉出来”多士炉分娩理论：ToasterTheoryofBirth:Whenthey’redone,theypopout.准备好了，他们就会出来。引产与母乳哺育的关系RELATIONSHIPBETWEENINDUCTIONOFLABORANDBREASTFEEDING引产就是于产程开始时使用静脉注射催产素，有时使用成熟剂软化子宫颈等人工方法，启动生产的过程。Inductionoflaboristheprocessofstartinglaborbyartificialmeans