AncientGreekphilosopher

TheAncientGreekphilosophershaveplayedapivotalroleintheshapingofthewesternphilosophicaltradition.ThisarticlesurveystheseminalworksandideasofkeyfiguresintheAncientGreekphilosophicaltraditionfromthePresocraticstotheNeoplatonists.IthighlightstheirmainphilosophicalconcernsandtheevolutionintheirthoughtfromthesixthcenturyBCEtothesixthcenturyCE.TheAncientGreekphilosophicaltraditionbrokeawayfromamythologicalapproachtoexplainingtheworld,anditinitiatedanapproachbasedonreasonandevidence.Initiallyconcernedwithexplainingtheentirecosmos,thePresocraticphilosophersstrivedtoidentifyitssingleunderlyingprinciple.Theirtheorieswerediverseandnoneachievedaconsensus,yettheirlegacywastheinitiationofthequesttoidentifyunderlyingprinciples.Thissparkedaseriesofinvestigationsintothelimitandroleofreasonandofoursensoryfaculties,howknowledgeisacquiredandwhatknowledgeconsistsof.HerewefindtheGreekcreationofphilosophyas“theloveofwisdom,”andthebirthofmetaphysics,epistemology,andethics.Socrates,Plato,andAristotlewerethemostinfluentialoftheancientGreekphilosophers,andtheyfocusedtheirattentionmoreontheroleofthehumanbeingthanontheexplanationofthematerialworld.TheworkofthesekeyphilosopherswassucceededbytheStoicsandEpicureanswhowerealsoconcernedwithpracticalaspectsofphilosophyandtheattainmentofhappiness.OthernotablesuccessorsarePyrrho'sschoolofskepticismandtheNeoplatonistssuchasPlotinuswhotriedtounifyPlato'sthoughtwiththeology.古希腊哲学家在塑造西方哲学传统有举足轻重的作用。这篇文章调查的开创性著作和思想的古希腊哲学传统从苏格拉底到Neoplatonists中的关键人物。它突出了哲学关注的主要问题和他们的思想，从公元前六世纪到公元六世纪的演变。古希腊哲学传统打破神话的方式解释世界，，它开创了一种基于的理由和证据。最初关注与解释整个宇宙，像前苏格拉底时代哲学家努力查明其单一的基本原则。他们的理论了多样和没有达成共识，他们的遗产也没有开始寻求确定的基本原则。这引发了一系列的调查作用与限制的原因和我们感官的能力、知识是如何和什么知识组成。在这里我们找到了希腊哲学的产生作为爱智慧与形而上学、认识论和伦理学的诞生。苏格拉底、柏拉图和亚里斯多德是最具影响力的古希腊哲学家们，和他们把注意力更多的作用比人类对物质世界的解释。这些关键的哲学家们的工作是由斯多葛学派和享乐主义者，也担心实际方面的理念和实现幸福成功的。其他显著的继任者的怀疑和普罗提诺试图统一与神学的柏拉图的思想如Neoplatonists磁铁的学校AncientGreekphilosophyaroseinthe6thcenturyBCEandcontinuedthroughouttheHellenisticperiodandtheperiodinwhichAncientGreecewaspartoftheRomanEmpire.Itdealtwithawidevarietyofsubjects,includingpoliticalphilosophy,ethics,metaphysics,ontology,logic,biology,rhetoric,andaesthetics.ManyphilosopherstodayconcedethatGreekphilosophyhasinfluencedmuchofWesternthoughtsinceitsinception.AlfredNorthWhiteheadoncenoted:ThesafestgeneralcharacterizationoftheEuropeanphilosophicaltraditionisthatitconsistsofaseriesoffootnotestoPlato.[1]Clear,unbrokenlinesofinfluenceleadfromancientGreekandHellenisticphilosopherstoEarlyIslamicphilosophy,theEuropeanRenaissanceandtheAgeofEnlightenment.SomeclaimthatGreekphilosophy,inturn,wasinfluencedbytheolderwisdomliteratureandmythologicalcosmogoniesoftheancientNearEast.MartinLitchfieldWestgivesqualifiedassenttothisview,stating,contactwithorientalcosmologyandtheologyhelpedtoliberatetheearlyGreekphilosophers'imagination;itcertainlygavethemmanysuggestiveideas.Buttheytaughtthemselvestoreason.PhilosophyasweunderstanditisaGreekcreation.[2]SubsequentphilosophictraditionwassoinfluencedbySocrates(aspresentedbyPlato)thatitisconventionaltorefertophilosophydevelopedpriortoSocratesaspre-Socraticphilosophy.TheperiodsfollowingthisuntilthewarsofAlexandertheGreatarethoseofclassicalGreekandHellenisticphilosophy。古希腊哲学产生于公元前6世纪，并继续在整个希腊化时期和古希腊在罗马帝国的一部分的期间。它处理各种各样的科目，包括政治哲学、伦理学、形而上学、本体论、逻辑、生物学、修辞和美学。许多哲学家今天承认希腊哲学影响了很多西方思想自成立以来。阿尔弗雷德·诺思·怀特海德曾指出：的欧洲哲学传统最安全的一般特征是它是由一系列引用柏拉图的注脚。[1]清晰，完整的线的影响从古希腊和古希腊哲学家导致早期伊斯兰哲学，对欧洲文艺复兴和启蒙时代。有些人声称希腊哲学，反过来，影响老年人的智慧文学和古代近东地区的神话宇宙。马丁·利奇菲尔德西给合格的同意这种看法，指出，接触东方宇宙学和神学有助于解放早期的希腊哲学家的想象力；这无疑给了他们许多有启发性的观点。但他们教自己的原因。哲学作为我们理解这是一个希腊创造。[]2随后的哲学传统就受到了苏格拉底（如由柏拉图给出）这是常规来指开发前苏格拉底作为前苏格拉底哲学的哲学。后这直到亚历山大大帝的战争都是那些古典希腊和希腊化时期哲学。WesternphilosophybeganinancientGreeceinthe6thcenturyBCE.ThePresocraticsweremostlyfromtheeasternorwesternfringesoftheGreekworld.Theireffortsweredirectedtotheinvestigationoftheultimatebasisandessentialnatureoftheexternalworld.[7]Theysoughtthematerialprinciple(archê)ofthings,andthemethodoftheiroriginanddisappearance.[7]Asthefirstphilosophers,theyemphasizedtherationalunityofthings,andrejectedmythologicalexplanationsoftheworld.Onlyfragmentsoftheoriginalwritingsofthepresocraticssurvive.Theknowledgewehaveofthemderivesfromaccountsoflaterphilosophicalwriters(especiallyAristotle,Plutarch,DiogenesLaërtius,StobaeusandSimplicius),andsomeearlytheologians(especiallyClementofAlexandriaandHippolytusofRome).ThePresocraticthinkerspresentadiscourseconcernedwithkeyareasofphilosophicalinquirysuchasbeingandthecosmos,theprimarystuffoftheuniverse,thestructureandfunctionofthehumansoul,andtheunderlyingprinciplesgoverningperceptiblephenomena,humanknowledgeandmorality.在公元前6世纪，西方哲学始于古希腊。苏格拉底被大多来自东部或西部边缘的希腊世界。他们的努力被定向到的终极依据的调查和外部世界的本质。[7]他们寻求物质原则（archê）的事情和他们的原籍国和失踪的方法。[7]作为第一个哲学家，他们强调理性统一的事情，并拒绝神话世界的解释。只有支离破碎的记忆原著作的苏格拉底生存。我们拥有的他们的知识来自于帐户以后哲学作家(尤其是亚里斯多德、普鲁塔克、第欧根尼完成、Stobaeus和Simplicius）和一些早期的神学家（尤其是克莱门特的亚历山德里亚和罗马希）。像前苏格拉底时代的思想家提出了关切的哲学探究等关键领域的话语和宇宙，宇宙的结构、功能的人的灵魂和可感知的现象，人类知识和道德的基本原则的主要东西。1Pre-Socraticphilosophy1.1Milesianschool1.2Xenophanes1.3Pythagoreanism1.4Heraclitus1.5Eleaticphilosophy1.6Pluralismandatomism1.7Sophi