Chapter2TheOriginsofaNation

Chapter2TheOriginsofaNation(5000BC—1066)I.EarlySettlers(5000BC---55BC)1.TheIberians伊比利亚人a.thefirstsettlersofBritainb.Stonehenge（史前巨石柱):acirculargroupoflargestandingstonessetupbytheIberiansinBritainwithsomeunknownreligiousandpoliticalsignificance.2.TheBeakerFolk(term)宽口陶器人TheywerethepeoplewhocametoBritainatabout2000BC.Theyweresocalledbecausetheywerefondofdrinkingandburiedthemselvesinthebell-shapeddrinkingcontainers.StonehengeStonehengeanoldBeakerFolkburialchamber3.TheCelts凯尔特人a.Threeinvasionwaves:theGaels(盖尔人)about600BC;theBrythons(布立吞)about400BC;theBelgae(比利其)about150BC;b.TheancestorsoftheHighlandScots,theIrishandtheWelsh;c.TheirlanguageswerethebasisoftheWelshandGaelic.CeltsTheReligion:Druidism(Thewiseman,astrologersandsoothsayers)II.RomanBritain(55BC---410AD)1.ThebeginningoftheBritishrecordedhistory.2.ThefirstinvasionwasmadebyJuliusCaesar,aRomangeneral,in55BC.JuliusCaesar(100BC—44BC)Greatgeneral,politician,andhistorianofancientRoman3.Romaninfluencesa.twogreatwallstokeepthePicts(匹克特人):theHadrian’sWallandtheAntonineWall;b.anetworkoftownsandroads;c.gooduseofnaturalresources;d.anewreligion,Christianity;e.verylimitedimpactbecausetheirtreatmentoftheBritonsasslaves.III.TheAnglo-Saxons(446---871)1.ThreeTeutonic(日耳曼)tribes:Jutes,Saxons,andAngles.2.Heptarchy七王国时代:collectivenameforthe7kingdomsofAnglo-Saxons3.Offa’sDyke欧法大堤tokeepouttheWelsh.4.ThefirstrealkingofEngland:Egbertin829.5.EnglandbegantobeChristianizedin597withSt.AugustineasthefirstArchbishopofCanterbury坎特伯雷大主教.6.Contributions:theAnglo-SaxonslaidthefoundationsoftheEnglishstatea.dividedthecountryintoshires(郡);b.establishedtheWitan(贤人议会),thebasisofthePrivyCouncil;c.newfarmingsystem;d.themanorialsystem(采邑制).IV.TheVikingandDanishInvasions1.TheVikingscamefromNorway,theDanesfromDenmark;2.TheDanelaw:theareascontrolledbytheDanishinthenorthandeastofEngland.3.“ThefatheroftheBritishnavy”---Alfred:a.foundedaBritishfleet;b.reorganizedthefyrd(theSaxonarmy);c.establishedschoolsandmadealegalsystem.AlfredtheGreat阿尔弗雷德大帝HewasakingofEnglandfornearly30years.HeisfamousforhavingfoughttheDanesthattriedtoinvadeEnglandandforpromotinglearningandliteracyalloverthecountry.Heisalsoknownas“thefatheroftheBritishnavy”.V.TheNormanConquest(1066)1.Feature:thelastsuccessfulinvasionofEngland2.Twoimportantbattles:a.ThebattleatStanfordBridge:KingHaroldkilledTostigandHardrada,thekingofNorway;b.ThebattleofHastingsin1066:thelastAnglo-SaxonKingofEngland,HaroldIIwaskilledandWilliam,DukeofNormandy,becameKingofEngland.3.“theharryingofthenorth”(扫平北方战役)gainedcontrolofthewholecountryforWilliam.ThebattleofHastings（哈斯丁斯战役）In1066,KingEdwarddiedwithoutheir,theWitanchoseHaroldasking.William,DukeofNormandy,invadedEngland.OnOctober14,thetwoarmiesmetnearHastings.Afteraday’sbattle,Haroldwaskilledandhisarmywascompletelydefeated.SothisbattlewasveryimportantonthewayofNormanconquest.WilliamtheConqueror征服者威廉(1066—1087)DukeofNormandy,helandedhisarmyinOct,1066anddefeatedKingHarold.HewascrownedkingofEnglandonChristmasDaythesameyear.HeestablishedastrongNormangovernmentandthefeudalsysteminEngland.NormanConquest4.Significancea.thefeudalsystemwascompletelyestablished;b.closerrelationswithEurope;c.expandingofNorman-Frenchcultureandliterature;d.closerconnectionwithRomanChurchandseparationofthechurchcourtsfromthecivilcourts.TermsBeakerfolk:beer-drinkingsettlersPicts(P.19):paintedfaceScots(P.20):tattooedonesHeptarchy(P.21):collectivenamefor7kingdomsofAnglo-SaxonsOffa’sDyke(P.21):defensewall,agreatearthworkbytheAnglo-SaxonsWitan(P.23):councilofwisemen(thePrivyCouncil)Danelaw(P.23):DanishcontrolledareasinEnglandHarryingoftheNorth(P.25):attackinthenorthinbrutal&swiftwaybyWilliamSummarySummary1.Theearlysettlersandtheirfeatures2.RomanBritainanditsinfluences3.TheAnglo-Saxonsandtheircontributions4.Alfredandhisdeeds5.TheNormanconquestandthesignificanceOriginEarliestSouthNorthNormanConquestIberianCeltsBeakerRomanTeutonicViking&DanishstonehengeFolk3waveinfluences3wavesGaelsBrythonsBelgaeRomanInfluencesRecordedhistoryReligionpeopleChristianityBritonNONorthAnglo-SaxonVikingsNorwayDanishTeutionicDaneJutesAnglesSaxonsAchievementsShiresWitansFarmingsys.Manorialsys.DanelawNormanConquestwarsignificanceHarold3Feudalsys.ClosertoEuroCulturalTostigHardradaChurchHarryingoftheNorth