珊瑚礁区的生物多样性及其生态功能

26120061ACTAECOLOGICASINICAVol.26,No.1Jan.,2006赵美霞1,2,余克服1,张乔民1(1,510301;2,100049):(2002CCA02700);(40231009);(KZCX3SW220):20050504;:20051129:(1981~),,,,.Email:[e-mail]:theChineseMinistryofScience&TechnologySpecialScheme(No.2002CCA02700),NationalNaturalScienceFoundationofChina(No.40231009)andtheKnowledgeInnovationProjectofChineseAcademyofSciences(KZCX3SW220)Receiveddate:20050504;Accepteddate:20051129Biography:ZAHOMeiXia,Ph.D.candidate,mainlyengagedincoralreefbiologyandecology.Email:[e-mail]:,,,,,,,,,,,:;;;:10000933(2006)01018609:Q14,Q1781:AReviewoncoralreefsbiodiversityandecologicalfunctionZHAOMeiXia1,2,YUKeFu1,ZHANGQiaoMin1(1.SouthChinaSeaInstituteofOceanology,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Guangzhou510301,China;2.GraduateSchoolofChineseAcademyofSciences,Beijing100049,China).ActaEcologicaSinica,2006,26(1):186~194.Abstract:Coralreefsarehabitatstohundredsandthousandsoforganismsandarethuswellknownastherainforestsintheocean.Theyconstituteoneoftheworld!smostspectacularecosystems.Manybiologistsandecologistshaveemployedamultitudeofexperimentalapproachesinthestudyofcoralreefs.Thesestudieshaverevealedthatreefsystemshostinvaluablebiodiversity.Albeitaboutathirdofallmarineorganismsthriveincoralreefecosystems,surprisingly,theirtotalareamakesup1%ofmarinesurfacearea.Furthermore,onlyabout10%ofallspeciesonreefshavebeenstudiedanddescribedwiththedirectimplicationthatabout90%ofthespeciesontheworld!scoralreefshaveremainedundiscovered.Therearetwomajorcoralfaunas:IndopacificandAtlantic.TheIndopacificreefsystemischaracterizedbyrelativelyhigherbiodiversitythantheAtlanticprobablyduetodifferentdynamicprocessestakingplaceinthesetwosystems.Coralsaresensitivetofactorssuchassalinity,sedimentandnutrientinputstomarinesystems,leadingtotheemergenceofnewanddistinctivepatterns.Inadditiontospeciesdiversity,geneticandecologicaldiversityhasemergedasthenewfocusinthisfield.Fromahumanperspective,coralreefsarenotonlyasourceofwonder,butalsoaninvaluablesourceofmarinefood,medicineandindustrialmaterial.Theyalsoprovideaprotectiveroleformangroveandothernearshoreecosystemsfromtropicalstormsinadditiontobeinganidealtreasuredstudydestinationforscientists.Differentspeciesmaycomplimentthefunctionsofeachotherincoralreefecosystem.Recentlyduetoanthropogenicactivitiesandespeciallyclimatechange(globalwarming),whichhaveaggravateddestructiononcoralreefsystems,biodiversityreductionandecologicalfunctiondegradationhavereceivedincredibleattentionfromresearchersandnatureconservationists.Therefore,thestudyofreefecologicalfunctioninrelationtodwindlingbiodiversityisacurrentsituationthatrequiresextremelyurgentattentiontoredress.InChina,coralreefisveryprettyandcharacterizedbyhighbiodiversityandimportantecologicalfunctions,hence,theneedfordeepresearchaimedatconservingthisrichecosystem.Theprimaryapproachtowardsthisimportantgoalofconservationistoidentifythespeciesdistributionandtheirecologicalfunctions,classifyandcataloguethemanddevelopalongtermmonitoringprogramforthecoralreefdynamicprocesses.Thisapproach,ifeffectivelyappliedandimplemented,willboosttherecoveryandconservationofcoralreefsystemsnotonlyintheSouthChinaSeabutalsoinotherworldmarineenvironments.Keywords:coralreef;biodiversity;ecologicalfunction;ecosystem,,,,,,,,1842,,,,,,,,,1,110,(Smith[1]:617000km2;Copper[2]:1500000km2;Spalding[3]:255000km2)(ReakaKudla[4]:340∀106km2)01%~05%,30%[4]Taylor3100km2320[5];PeyrotMoorea4776[6];,350,1500~2000,4000[7],Gibbs2208265[8];Grassle103[9],,,;,,[4],,,90%,50%80%40%[10],ReakaKudla[4]95,93,10%,90%,,,,1992,Knowlton[11]Montastreaannularis3,2,,Gaston[12]2000,,,,,Bellwood[13]1871:,,:8%78%[7],,861000,2668[14],,600,,[15],,,,,,[16],3,Moberg[27]:35t,10%[1],25%[28],;,;;;,,1994682,199089[27],[29],[45],,,,[27][30],,12∀1013mol[1]Moberg[27],,,:(1),,,,,,Bellwood[31],,,,3[32](2),(zooxanthella),,,[33],18826,DC,,D,[34],(3),,,[35],,,,,,[36],,,[35](4),,[37],Bellwood[31]3:,,[27](damselfish),[38],[39](5),[40][41],4,(),,[16~20],,41,(),,,:(IWP)(EP)(WA)(EA)[19],IWPWA,IWP,WA10[19],WA6[20],,,[17][16],[21][22],,1891:42,,,(),,,,,,,,Morton[23]PlatyrasinensisBay[24]Chlorurussordidus,Uthicke[25]Leaw[26]43(1)20901992,10%,,30%10~20a;2000,27%(90%,199811%,199816%),(50%~90%,2~10a)14%,(20%~50%,10~30a)18%,41%200420%(199816%64%),24%26%,30%,40a40%20%,[31],50%(1977)10%(2001)[42],,,,,,[35],2060(Acanthasterplanci)80[37],,,50%~75%[7],,,[31],,,[31],,1~2#[7],1997~1998ENSO,,,,90%,,[43~45],[45]coldbleachingCO2,;,19026,,,,2070,106,54[7],2080[31](2),:∃,,,(ICRI,UNEP,IUCN,IOC,UNESCO),%,,,1975,,,2002(),(notakearea),200419815%33%,201020%[31]&[46]:,;,;,;,∋,,,[31],,5,,,3km2[47],50300[48][49]67%80%75%76%(44,20278),,[50~54][55,56],,:[57,58],[59],[60],,(1990,)(1997,)(2003,)2001,,,,:1911:(1),,,(2),,,,,(3),,,,,(4),,,,,(5),,,,,References:[1]SmithSV.Coralreefareaandthecontributionsofreeftoprocessesandresourcesoftheworld!soceans.Nature,1978,273:225~226.[2]CopperP.Ancientreefecosystemexpansionandcollapse.CoralReefs,1994,13:3~11.[3]SpaldingMD,GrenfellAM.Newestimatesofglobalandregionalcoralreefareas.CoralReefs,1997,16:225~230