2014高考英语阅读理解专题指导主旨大意题

-1-英语阅读理解专题指导－主旨大意题主旨大意题主要是测试考生对一篇文章或一段文字的深层理解程度及在速读中准确把握文章主旨大意的能力。一般针对某一语段或某一语篇的主题标题或目的设题。常见的设题方式有：1标题类常见的标题型题干：1)Thebesttitle/headlineforthispassagemightbe_____________.2)Thetext(passage)couldbeentitled______________.3)Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?4)Whichofthefollowingwouldbesuitableasatitleforthepassage?2大意类常见的主题型题干：5)Thispassagechieflydealswith____________.6)Whatsthetopicofthearticle?7)Whatisthesubjectdiscussedinthetext?8)Withwhattopicisthepassagechieflyconcerned?3目的主旨大意题Theauthorsmainpurposeinwritingthepassageis______.Thepassageismeantto_____Thepurposeofthisarticleis_______这类题通常围绕一个中心思想展开，不少文章一开头便展示出文章的中心思想，第一段常常是内容的梗概，同时又表达了中心思想，但是不少文章的中心思想贯穿全文，并没有用一句话明确表达出来，这就要求学生学会归纳概括。每个段落往往也由一个主题句或几个陈述句构成，它们在句中的位置不同，有时在开头,首先点明本段大意;有时在结尾,总结本段大意。-2-做这类题，首先要找出文章的主题句。找出文章的主题句，也就明确了文章要讲什么，再通过速读全文，就可以把握文章的中心思想了。另外在许多文段中，没有可以概括全段意义的主题句，必须根据文章中所提供的事实细节，进行全面分析，然后归纳成一般概念。但必须注意，既不能以偏概全，也不能在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分。A.主题句呈现的形式1）文首开门见山,提出主题,随之用细节来解释,支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想.最常见的演绎法写作方式.例1.Thepandaisapopularanimal.StoriesaboutthepandaintheWashingtonZooarealwaysfrontpagenewsandimportantfeaturesontelevisionnewscasts.Stuffedpandasareamongthemostpopulartoysforchildren,andpandapostcardsarealwaysindemandinzoogiftshops.例2.Todaytheproblemofenvironmenthasbecomemoreandmoreserious.Theworldpopulationisrising,soquicklythattheworldhasbecometoocrowded.Weareusingupournaturalresourcestooquicklyandatthesametimewearepollutingourenvironmentwithdangerouschemicals.Ifwecontinuetodothis,humanlifeonearthwillnotsurvive.2).文尾，在表述细节后,归纳要点,印象,结论建议或结果,以概括主题.这是英语中最常见的归纳法写作方式例3.Ahumanbodyappearstoberathersoftanddelicate,comparedwiththatofawildanimal,butitisactuallysurprisinglystrong.Indeed,itsverysoftnessandloosenessisanadvantage;itmakesmangoodatmovingaboutmovementofalllivingthingsofhisownsize,becausehecandosomanydifferentthingswithhislimbs.Mansgamesshowhowhecancontrolhisownbody.Nootherlandcreaturecanswimasskillfullyasman;morehassuchvariedgrace;veryfewlivesaslongashe;noneissostronginitsnaturalresistancetodisease.Thereforemanhasagreatadvantageinhisbattleagainsttherisksofdamageanddeaththatthreatenhim.3).文中，通常前面只提出问题，文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出,而后又作进一步的解释,支撑或发展.-3-例4.Nothingisasusefulasaflashlightinadarknightifatiregoesflat.Fewinventionsaresohelpfultoachildwhoisafraidofthedark.Infact,themodernflashlightbringslighttomanydarksituations.Findingsomethinginthebackofaclosetiseasywithaflashlightinhandacamperalsoneedsoneafterthelightofthecampfirehasbeenout.4).首尾呼应，为突出主题,作者先提出主题,结尾时再次点出主题,这种首尾呼应的写作方式较为多见.但前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复,后面的表述往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味。例5.（首段）ShuPulonghashelpedatleast1000peoplebittenbysnakes,Itwasseeingpeoplewithsnakesbitesthatledmetothecareer.shesaid&O1472;（尾段）ThesadstorytouchedmesomuchthatIdecidedtodevotemyselftohelpingpeoplebittenbysnakes.Shusaid.5).无主题句，即主题句隐含在全文中,没有明确的主题句.必须根据文篇中所提供的事实细节，进行全面考虑，综合分析，然后找出共同的东西，归纳成一般概念。必须注意的是，既不能以偏概全，也不能在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分。例6.JoshuaBinghamstudied4yearsattheUniversityofParisanddecidedtoleavehisgraduation.HetransferredtotheUniversityofBerlinandgraduatedwithhonors.HarvardLawSchooland,later,BostonCollegeprovidedhimwithanexcellentlegalbackground.HeispresentlyacorporationlawyerinMiami,Florida.Q:Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?＿＿＿＿A.HowJoshuaBinghambecamealawyer.B.Binghamisadiligentstudent.C.JoshuaBinghamreceivedanexcellenteducation.D.Agoodlawyerneedsgoodeducation.-4-[分析]此文没有主题句。全篇共四句，只陈述了四个细节(detail)性的事实。因此就答案本身看，个个都对。读者只能将所有的details综合起来，进行逻辑推理，才能构成一个没有言明的主题思想(unstatedmainidea)。由于文中主要涉及了JoshuaBingham接受教育的情况，即作者想告诉我们的是：JoshuaBingham接受过良好的教育，所以答案是Ｃ除了以上主题句呈现的常见形式外还要注意标志词文章或段落的主题句常常会出现在一些标志性的提示后。如：onthewhole,asaresult,inshort,therefore,thus..Iagreewiththeopinionthat.;Givenallthesepointsabove,Iwouldsupporttheideathat.;Forallthereasonsmentionedabove,Iwouldprefer.B.实例说明例1（文章请看推理判断例2，2003年全国高考）①Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A．ComputersandPrintersB．E-mailandtheBusinessWorldC．InternetRevolutionandEnvironmentD．ModernTechnologyandNewMarkets[分析]本题考查对于全文主旨大意的把握并要求考生据此选择最佳标题．全文的关键词应该是Internet和Environment，因此答案为C．其余选项中的computers，printers，e—mail，businessworld，technology，market都在文中提到了，但其作用只是为了阐明主题所需，答题时不可以点代面．例2：Aspricesandbuildingcostskeeprising,thedo-it-yourself(DIY)trend（趋势）intheU.S.continuestogrow.Weneededfurniture（家具）forourlivingroom,saysJohnRoss,andwejustdidn'thaveenoughmoneytobuyit.Sowedecidedtotrymakingafewtablesandchairs.Johngotmarriedsixmonthsago,andlikemanyyoungpeoplethesedays,theyarestrugglingtomakeahomeatatimewhenthecostoflivingisveryhigh.TheRossestooka2-weekcoursefor$280atanightschool.Nowtheybuildalltheirfurnitureandmakerepairsaroundthehouse.JimHatfieldhasthreeboysandhiswifedied.Hshasafull-timejobathomeaswellasinashoemaking-5-factory.Lastmonth,hereceivedacarrepairbillfor$420.Iwasdeeplyupsetaboutit.NowI'vefinishedacarrepaircourse,Ishouldbeabletofixthecarbymyself.JohnandJimarenotunusualpeople.Mostfamiliesinthecountryaredoingeverythingtheycantosavemoneysothecanfightthehighcostofliving.Ifyouwanttobecomeado-it-yourselfer,youcangotoDIYcalsses.Andforthosewhodon'thavetimetotakeacourse,therearebooksthattellyouhowyoucandothingsyourself.（1998NMET）②.Whatwouldbethebesttit