生物英语词汇表

SATII生物词汇表AabioticNonlivingmaterialsintheenvironment—suchaselements,sunlight,andsoil—thatinfluenceandareinfluencedbyliving(biotic)entitiesontheplanet.acetylcholineAneurotransmitterreleasedbyneuronstoexciteanactionpotentialortriggeramuscletocontract.acidsHydrogenion(H+)donors.Acidsareveryimportantinthechemicalreactionsoflifebecausetheyarehighlyreactive.AcidshavepHvaluesbelow7.Theyaretheoppositeofbases.actinProteinfilamentsthat,alongwithmyosin,allowmusclestocontract.activesiteThepartofanenzymethatinteractswith,orbindsto,asubstrate.activetransportThemovementofmoleculesacrossacellmembranefromaregionoflowerconcentrationtoaregionofhigherconcentration.Becauseactivetransportinvolvesmovingthemoleculeagainstthenaturalflowoftheconcentrationgradient,theprocessrequiresenergy.adaptiveradiationTheevolutionaryprocessbywhichancestralformsofanorganismarediversifiedthroughadaptationtonewenvironments.adenosinetriphosphate(ATP)Theenergystoragemoleculeforthecell.ATPconsistsofanadenosinemoleculebondedtothreephosphategroups.Eachphosphatebondcontainsenergy;bybreakingthesebonds,thecellcangettheenergyitneedsforchemicalreactions.CellsbuildATPduringcellrespiration,usingtherawmaterialofglucose.adrenalglandsTwoglands,theadrenalcortexandadrenalmedulla,locatedonthekidney.aerobicrespirationAformofcellrespirationrequiringoxygen(asopposedtoanaerobicrespiration,whichdoesnotneedoxygen).Aerobicrespirationismuchmoreefficientthananaerobicrespiration;itproduces36ATPforeverymoleculeofglucose.Aerobicrespirationproceedsinthreestages:glycolysis,theKrebscycle,andtheelectrontransportchain.alleleAspecificformorpossibleversionofagenehavingmultipleversions.Allelesmaybedominantorrecessive.allelicfrequencyThefrequencywithwhichaparticularalleleforacertaincharacteristicappearsamongallpossibleallelesforthatcharacteristicinapopulation.alternationofgenerationsThefluctuationbetweenthediploid(sporophyte)andhaploid(gametophyte)lifestagesthatoccurinplants.aminoacidThemonomerofaprotein.Acentralcarbonattachedtoanaminogroup(–NH2),acarboxylgroup(–COOH),andahydrogenatom(–H).Thefourthgroupisvariableanddefinestheaminoacid’schemicalidentity.anaerobicrespirationAformofcellrespirationthatdoesnotuseoxygen(asopposedtoaerobiccellrespiration).Anaerobicrespirationislessefficientthantheaerobicvarietyandproducesjust2ATPpermoleculeofglucose.Anaerobicrespirationhastwostages:glycolysisandfermentation.analogoustraitAtraitthatismorphologicallyandfunctionallysimilartothatofadifferentspeciesbutthatarosefromadistinct,ancestralcondition.anaphaseThestageofmitosisinwhichsisterchromosomesareseparatedandpulledtooppositeendsofthecellbymicrotubules;thefourthstageofthefirstmeioticdivision(meiosisI),duringwhichmaternalandpaternalhomologouspairsareseparatedonmicrotubules;thefourthstageofthesecondmeioticdivision(meiosisII),duringwhicheithermaternalorpaternalsisterchromatidsareseparatedonmicrotubules.angiospermAvascularfloweringplantinwhichseedsareenclosedinsideprotectiveovaries,suchasfruitorflowers.Angiospermscanbemonocotsordicots.antherPollen-producingstructureatthetopofthestamen,themalereproductiveorganofflowers.anticodonThesequenceofthreenucleotidesontRNAthatpairswithacodonofmRNAattheAsiteofaribosomeduringtranslation.antigenAproteincoatonthesurfaceofredbloodcells;aredbloodcellmayhaveaproteincoatoftypeA,B,orAB.Ifthecellhasnoantigens,itiscalledtypeO.Thepresenceofaforeignantigeninabodywillcausebloodtoclot.aortaThelargestarteryinthebody;carriesoxygenatedbloodfromtheleftventricleoftheheart.aphoticzoneLiterally,zonewithoutlight.Theaphoticzoneispartofthemarinepelagiczoneandbegins600feetbelowthesurfaceoftheocean.Onlychemosyntheticorganisms,scavengers,andpredatorsareabletosurviveinthishabitat.arteryVesselthatcarriesbloodawayfromtheheartandhasthick,elastic,muscularwallsthatcandilateorcontracttocontrolbloodpressurewithinthevessels.Bloodinarteriesisoxygenated,withtheexceptionofthebloodinthepulmonaryartery.autonomicnervoussystemTheinvoluntaryhalfoftheperipheralnervoussystem.Theautonomicnervoussystemisintwoantagonisticparts:thesympatheticandparasympatheticnervoussystems.Theirinteractionscontrolsmoothandcardiacmuscle,glands,andorgansandprocessessuchasheartbeat,themovementsofthedigestivetract,andthecontractionofthebladder.autosomeAnychromosomethatisnotasexchromosome.Humanshave44autosomes,in22homologouspairs.Thetwosexchromosomesarethetwenty-thirdpairofchromosomes.autotrophAnorganismthatcanproducetheorganicmoleculesandenergynecessaryforlifethroughtheprocessesofphotosynthesisorchemosynthesis.Autotrophsdonotrelyonotherorganismsforfood.Inafoodweb,autotrophsareproducers.auxinOneinaclassofplanthormonesthatstimulates(amongotherthings)cellelongation,secondarytissuegrowth,andfruitdevelopment.BbaseAnionorcompoundthatremovesH+ionsfromsolution.Oftenbasesaresubstancesthatreleasehydroxideions(OH–).BaseshavepHvaluesabove7.Theyaretheoppositeofacids.bileAnemulsifieroffatssecretedbytheliverandstoredinthegallbladderforreleaseinthesmallintestine.binaryfissionAsexualreproductionfoundinprokaryotesinwhichacelldividesintotwoequaldaughtercel