硬壳蛤（Mercenariamercenaria）繁殖生物

*[e-mail]2004-04-112004-06-28Mercenariamercenaria*========325005266003=325005==3250271154619.028.2℃7.11%63.68%12022℃D20h91010111800℃600℃S968.3MercenariamercenarianorthquahoghardclamhardshellclamLamillibranchiaVeneroidaVeneridaeMercenariaGulfofSt.LawrenceGulfofMexico15mMenzel19701971Ansell1968Riceetal19922002a2004510/kg60Hunteretal198519972003199820002002a200211.11999Mercenariamercenaria1998Biosphere62000200219995060mmIsochrysissp.Chaetocerossp.Platymonassp.Phaeodactylumtricornutum365Vol.36No.520059OCEANOLOGIAETLIMNOLOGIASINICASep.20051.24.0m×2.5m×1.2m20cm10/m218.629.57.030.0℃80cm80%510cells/ml22002120031136220306070℃24h0.0001g/×100%1015Carnoy7µmH.E5/mlD12/ml50%100%232.12.1.1127.813.0℃11a12a2.1.23413.019.0℃50%60µm×45µm35µm8µm1b1Fig.1AnnualchangeshownbyhistologicalsectionsofovaryofM.mercenariaa.100×b.100×c.100×d.100×e.100×f.400×5Mercenariamercenaria4312Fig.2AnnualchangeshownbyhistologicalsectionsoftestesofM.mercenariaa.100×b.100×c.100×d.100×e.100×f.400×50%2b2.1.34619.026.2℃60µm×50µm38µm8µm1c8µm5µm1.5µm2c2.1.45619.028.2℃153021df2df2.1.57129.57.8℃1e432362e2.211211127.813.0℃13.68%3413.019.0℃3.90%4.11%4619.028.2℃5.83%7.61%3550mm50500215.4713.68%5.06%332002Fig.3TherelationshipofwatertemperatureandfatnessofM.mercenariain2002○⊕2.38℃120012003601.3℃2.47080µm20℃25pH8.1214h18h20hD4af1Tab.1Therelationshipofspawningofhardclamwithaccumulatedtemperature.℃℃200105.101745.5613.5200205.161854.0632.0200305.051730.5558.5220℃Tab.2HardclamsembryodevelopmentstageT=20℃µm×µm30min50min1h10min1h55min2h30min3h30min4h30min10h14h92.7×77.718h95×79D20h100×802.52022℃25pH8.13D68h16h1015µm234g564g1520µm200µm×180µm785Mercenariamercenaria433210µm9104h4Fig.4DevelopmentofembryoM.mercenariaa.600×b.2600×c.8600×d.600×e.600×f.D150×g.150×h.60×32022℃Tab.3Developmentstageoflarvaeandpost-larvaeofhardclamT=2022℃dµm×µmD2100×8023120×9056175×14078200×180910220×2101011240×22033.119951991Keck19751:1Bricelj1981Heffernan1988231Kraeuter20013.2V200019903.32002b198920021800℃20023200℃3.444343625611Heffernan19882022℃20hDD1015µm23561520µm7891020021991..104356362YouZJWangYNYeXHetal1991.ReproductivecycleofGomphinaceneri-formis.JournalofOceanographyinTaiwanStrait1043563622004.MercenariamercenariaLinnaeus1758.356549554WenHXZhangTYangHSetal2004.Effectoftemperatureonrespirationandexcre-tionofhardclamMercenariamercenariaLinnaeus1758.OceanologiaetLimnologiaSinica3565495541990..2918184LiuZZShangguanBMXuZZ1990.OntheultrastructuralfeaturesofspermatogenesisofRazorclamSinonovaculaconstrictaLamarck.JXiamenUniv29181842000..244297301SunHLFangJGWangQYetal2000.UltrastructureofthespermatozoonofTegillarcagranosa.JFisheriesChina2442973012002a..1511922LinZHChaiXLFangJetal2002a.Anaptitudetestontheen-vironmentalhabitsofMercenariamercenaria.JNingboUniv15119222002b..113242247LinZHChaiXLFangJetal2002b.LargescaleartificialbreedingofhardclamMeretrixmeretrixLinneus.JShang-haiFishUniv1132422471995..254503510ZhengJSWangMLWangZYetal1995.Gonaddevelop-mentandreproductivecycleofTegillarcagranosaLin-naeus.JQingdaoOceanUniv2545035101989..12282002..914347ChangYQSongJWangGDetal2002.SeedsbreedingofhardclamMercenariamercenaria.JFisherySciChina914347AnsellAD1968.TherateofgrowthofthehardclamMerce-nariamercenariathroughoutthegeographicalrange.JournalduconseilInternationalpour1ExplorationdelaMer31346409BriceljVMMaloufRE1981.AspectsofreproductionofhardclamsMercenariamercenariainGreatSouthBayNewYork.JShellfishRes1109HeffernanPBWalkerRLCarrJL1988.ThereproductivecycleofthehardclamMercenariamercenariainWassawSoundGeorgia.JShellfishRes7208212HunterJVBrownEE1985.CrustaceanandMolluskAqua-cultureintheUnitedStates.TheAVIPublishingCompanyINC275304KeckRTMaurerDLindHA1975.AComparativeStudyoftheHardClamGonadDevelopmentalCycle.BiolBullMarBiolLabWoodsHole148243258KraeuterJNCastagnaM2001.BiologyoftheHardClam.AmsterdamElsevierScienceBV221255MenzelRW1970.ThespeciesanddistributionofquahogclamsMercenaria.ProcNatlShellfishAssoc508ab-stractMenzelRW1971.Quahogclamandtheirpossiblemariculture.ProcWorldMaricSoc22336RiceMAPechenikJA1992.Areviewofthefactorsinflu-encingthegrowthofthenorthernquahogMercenariamer-cenariaLinnaeus1758.JShellfishRes1122792875Mercenariamercenaria435THEREPRODUCTIVEBIOLOGYOFHARDCLAMMERCENARIAMERCENARIALINNAEUS1758LINZhi-HuaSHANLe-Zhou=CHAIXue-Liang=YINGXue-Ping==FANGJun=ZHANGJiong-Ming=ZHANGYong-Pu==ZhejiangMaricultureResearchInstituteWenzhou325005OceanUniversityofChinaQingdao266003=ZhejiangMaricultureResearchInstituteWenzhou325005==WenzhouNormalCollegeWenzhou325027AbstractHardclamMercenariamercenariaisacommerciallyvaluedspeciesthatnaturallylivesalongthenorthAmericanAtlanticcoast.In1997itwasintroducedintoChinaasacandidateforaquaculture.Sincethenscientistshaveconductedmanyresearchesonitshabitationecologicalphysiologymetabolismartificialbreedingandstraindevelopment.InthispaperthereproductivebiologyofhardclamM.mercenariawasstudiedwithhistologicalsec-tionandexperimentalecologyincludingitsreproductivecyclefatnessgonadaldevelopmentbreedingseasonem-bryodevelopmentlarvaeandpost-larvaedevelopme