2014年10月26日托福阅读真题

日托福阅读真题智课网整理第一篇：非蓄水层版本1:非蓄水层是水从地表往下渗透以后，不直接通到地下水的一个地层。水渗透之后I型按留在非蓄水层并非完全不可往下渗透，具体渗透与否得要看条件。废墟水层又名作V层，从上向下分三层：soil，subsoil和c层。前两层不同在于soil有很多比细菌小的微生物，来自于分解后的动植物。soil之中有大量植物的根。Subsoil的厚度不同地方不相同。最下面的是可以透水的C层。地下水时而漫过它，时而下降。下降的原因是重力。版本2：地下层的结构。这个水层也叫overdaze。因为它不仅有水，还有别的矿物质。第一层是装水的，这使得水不一定要渗透到地下。而是由各种去向，包括在大气里，或者到水蒸气里。第二层忘了。第三层很特别，它的构成物质跟前两个没有不同，但是它是漏水的。而且他的能去取决于它的容量，地下水受到一个向上的力，也有向下的力，有的水level保持不变是两个力平衡了解析：这篇文章属于地质类文章。从文章段落结构看，十分清晰，主题明确，对背景的描述会比较详尽，不会出现因为背景知识的生疏而严重影响对于文章理解的情况。需要注意的是，必须提前对相关类型的TPO文章的生词熟悉，尽量减少生词恐惧带来的内耗。推荐TPO3的文章DepletionoftheOgallalaAquifer.相关背景：DepletionoftheOgallalaAquiferThevastgrasslandsoftheHighPlainsinthecentralUnitedStatesweresettledbyfarmersandranchersinthe1880s.Thisregionhasasemiaridclimate,andfor50yearsafteritssettlement,itsupportedalow-intensityagriculturaleconomyofcattleranchingandwheatfarming.Intheearlytwentiethcentury,however,itwasdiscoveredthatmuchoftheHighPlainswasunderlainbyahugeaquifer(arocklayercontaininglargequantitiesofgroundwater).ThisaquiferwasnamedtheOgallalaaquiferaftertheOgallalaSiouxIndians,whoonceinhabitedtheregion.TheOgallalaaquiferisasandstoneformationthatunderliessome583,000squarekilometersoflandextendingfromnorthwesternTexastosouthernSouthDakota.WaterfromrainsandmeltingsnowshasbeenaccumulatingintheOgallalaforthepast30,000years.EstimatesindicatethattheaquifercontainsenoughwatertofillLakeHuron,—thatis,virtuallynonaturalwatersourcetoreplenishthewatersupply—hascausedwatertablesintheregiontofalldrastically.Inthe1930s,wellsencounteredplentifulwateratadepthofabout15meters;currently,theymustbedugtodepthsof45to60metersormore.Inplaces,thewatertableisdecliningatarateofameterayear,necessitatingtheperiodicdeepeningofwellsandtheuseofever-more-powerfulpumps.Itisestimatedthatatcurrentwithdrawalrates,muchoftheaquiferwillrundrywithin40years.ThesituationismostcriticalinTexas,wheretheclimateisdriest,thegreatestamountofwaterisbeingpumped,andtheaquifercontainstheleastwater.ItisprojectedthattheremainingOgallalawaterwill,bytheyear2030,supportonly35to40percentoftheirrigatedacreageinTexasthatissupportedin1980.ThereactionoffarmerstotheinevitabledepletionoftheOgallalavaries.Manyhavebeenattemptingtoconservewaterbyirrigatinglessfrequentlyorbyswitchingtocropsthatrequirelesswater.Others,however,haveadoptedthephilosophythatitisbesttousethewaterwhileitisstilleconomicallyprofitabletodosoandtoconcentrateonhigh-valuecropssuchascotton.Theincentiveofthefarmerswhowishtoconservewaterisreducedbytheirknowledgethatmanyoftheirneighborsareprofitingbyusinggreatamountsofwater,andintheprocessaredrawingdowntheentireregion’swatersupplies.Inthefaceoftheupcomingwatersupplycrisis,anumberofgrandioseschemeshavebeendevelopedtotransportvastquantitiesofwaterbycanalorpipelinefromtheMississippi,theMissouri,ortheArkansasrivers.Unfortunately,thecostofwaterobtainedthroughanyoftheseschemeswouldincreasepumpingcostsatleasttenfold,makingthecostofirrigatedagriculturalproductsfromtheregionuncompetitiveonthenationalandinternationalmarkets.Somewhatmorepromisinghavebeenrecentexperimentsforreleasingcapillarywater(waterinthesoil)abovethewatertablebyinjectingcompressedairintotheground.Evenifthisprocessprovessuccessful,however,itwouldalmosttriplewatercosts.Geneticengineeringalsomayprovideapartialsolution,asnewstrainsofdrought-resistantcropscontinuetobedeveloped.Whateverthefinalanswertothewatercrisismaybe,itisevidentthatwithintheHighPlains,irrigationwaterwillneveragainbetheabundant,inexpensiveresourceitwasduringtheagriculturalboomyearsofthemid-twentiethcentury.第二篇：口述诗歌版本一：longlongago诗歌是口头的，这些诗歌很长，最经典的就是伊利亚特和奥德赛，作者是荷马（Homer）。文章的主旨是探讨伊利亚特和奥德赛的作者到底是不是荷马。有人认为是后期一些无名但是有文学造诣的诗人收集早期诗歌然后整合而成。然后说伊利亚特和道德赛有很多悠长而重复的句子，不可能是文字稿，同时荷马使用了前任技巧，而这些前任的技巧又是来自前人的前人的。另外一种可能是荷马使用一些人们熟悉的英雄的故事，加上他收集故事的技巧，每一次的表演都会不同。这对于现在和未来都很有影响。然后还说前期荷马口头记录之后他又学会了文学的技巧，然后自己记录下来。又有人说是其他人记录下来的。反正不管哪一种。荷马史诗都是很有意义的。版本二：讲荷马的两个诗歌。早期的时候人们认为这些诗不是原来认为的诗人写的。因为当时都是口头流传的。后来又证据说即使不用吟游诗人也能重新组织信息唱出来，然后又回去讲诗歌到底什么时候谁写的。很多人有不同的观点。解析：本文围绕荷马诗歌的作者是谁这个主题展开论证。做题时需注意记录笔记，对于结构化阅读及最后一题的解答有很大好处。地理地质类主题是托福阅读常见考点，结构不难理解。需注意各例证和主题的支撑关系。由于条理清晰，最后一题尽量考虑从正面选出，排除为辅。相关背景：TheAuthorshipofTheEpicsofHomerTheGreeksofthesixthandearlyfifthcenturiesBCunderstoo