聚羟基脂肪酸酯的微生物合成、性质和应用

21220023JournalofWuxiUniversityofLightIndustryVol.21No.2Mar.2002:1009-038X(2002)02-0197-12:2001-12-01;:2002-01-12.:(2007402030170017).:(1963-),,,,,.,,,,,(,100084):(Polyhydroxyalkanoates,PHA),,,,.PHA(R)2((R)2hydroxyalkanoate).,PHA,PHA.PHA,PHAPHA.:;;PHA;:O623.65:AMicrobialSynthesis,PropertiesandApplicationsofPolyhydroxyalkanoatesCHENGuo2qiang,ZHANGGuang,ZHAOKai,TIANGe,CHENJin2chun,WUQiong(DepartmentofBiologicalScienceandBiotechnology,TsinghuaUniversity,Beijing100084,China)Abstract:Polyhydroxyalkanoates(PHA),amicrobiallysynthesizedpolyesters,haveattractedincreas2ingattentionsfromscientificandindustrialcommunitiesfortheircombinationofseveralpropertiesin2cludingbiodegradability,biocompatibilityandopticalactivity.Thepotentialapplicationsasbiodegrad2ablepackaging,tissueengineeringandcontrolledreleasematerialsaswellaselectronicapplicationshaveshownsomepromises.MechanicalpropertiesofPHAdependbothontheiroptical(R)2hydrox2yalkanoatemonomercontentsandstructures.MultidisciplinaryresearcheshavebeendevotedtoobtainnovelPHA.LargescaleapplicationofPHAwillonlybepossibleifPHAcanbeproducedatalowcost.Thispaperattemptstoreviewtherecentprogressesmadeinunderstandingthebiochemical,physiolog2icalandmolecularaspectsofPHAsynthesis.Industrialproductionofnovelcopolyestersof32hydroxy2butyrateand32hydroxyhexanoateincludingitspropertystudiesusingthetwodimensionFourierTransformedInfraredSpectroscopyhasalsoreviewedhere.Keywords:Polyhydroxyalkanoates;polyhydroxybutyrate;PHAsynthase;polyesters©1994-2006ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.[1],Bacillusmegaterium,2D232(poly2D232hydroxybutyricacidorP(3HB))[2].2060,D()232(3HB),[3].2080,PHA3232[4]32[5].,PHA[3],1998,125PHA[68].PHA.1.2PHA31432,[3,7,9].,PHA:(short2chain2length,SCL)PHA,35;(medium2chain2length,MCL)PHA,614[10].,PHAPHA[10].,,HA32[1115]HA6[16,17].1.3PHA(R)23HA[3],.3(HB)P(3HB),PHA,3(HB).P(3HB),[3],55%80%[18].,,.P(3HB)11043106,2[18].P(3HB),,.P(3HB),P(3HB),,P(3HB)3(HB).,19743232P(3HB2co23HV)[19]P(3HB),,P(3HB).ICI(Zeneca),Biopol[20].323232(32hydroxydecanoate,3HD)(1)[8].P(3HB2co23HHx)[2123],P(3HB2co23HHx)[24].,PHA4252HA,,.1PHA[9]Tab.1PhysicalpropertiesofvariousPHAincomparisonwithconventionalplasticsTm/Tg//MPa/%PHB1774435P(HB2co210%HV)150-2520P(HB2co220%HV)135-20100P(HB2co210%HHx)127-121400P(HB2co217%HHx)120-220850Polypropylene170-34400Polystyrene110-50-PET262-567300HDPE135-29-HB:32hydroxybutyrate,32;HV:32hydroxy2valerate,32;32hydroxyhexanoate,32;PET:poly(ethylenetetraphthalate),;HDPE:highdensitypolyethylene,.1.4PHA[10,27].PHA,,[27].,PHA,PHA[28].PHA,,,PHA[18,28].PHA,PHA89121©1994-2006ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.[29].PHA[30][31][32],[33].PHA.PHA13000,150(,oligo3HB,OHBorcomplexPHB,cPHB),[34][35].OHB,[36].2P(3HB)1926[2],,[10].PHAPHA,,,,PHA,PHA[20].PHA,3:.2.1PHA,[3743],.PHA.PHAPHA.,,PHAPHA[44],PHA.PHA,PHA.,PHA,PHA,PHA[7,8].PHA(Pseudomonas)[45],PHA[4655],PHA[46,53].,[37].PHA,PHA.2.2300PHA,PHA,Ralstoniaeutropha(Al2caligeneseutrophus),Alcaligeneslatus,Azotobactervinelandii,Aeromonashydrophila,Escherichiacoli[9,23,56,57].,,[9,56,57].PHA,PHA.PHA[57],PHA.PHA.,PHA[56,58].PHA,PHA,Bacillussp.[37],A.vinelandii[59]E.coli[18].[60],[61],.PHA,[57].,.,[62][63][64]PHA.,PHA,PHA[59].PHA.,PHA.,PHA,PHA[46,65,66].,PHA,,PHA[7,8].,PHA,.2.3PHA.PHA9912:©1994-2006ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.[6,18].PHA2[6].2PHATab.2DesignationofgenesinvolvedinPHAbiosynthesis,auxiliarystructuralproteinsboundtoPHAgranulesandPHAdegradingenzymesphaA2ketothiolasephaBacetoacetyl2CoAreductasephaCPHAsynthasephaEthesecondsubunitoftypeIIIPHAsynthasephaG32hydroxyacyl2acylcarrierpro2tein2coenzymeAtransferasephaJenoyl2CoAhydratasePHAphaZPHAdepolymerasePHAphaPPhasinphaRputativeregulatorprotein2.3.1PHA,PHA(PHAsynthases,PhaC)PHA,PHA,.A(HA2CoA),HAPHA,CoA.PHAR.eu2tropha[6769].,40PHA40[6].RehmSteinbchelPHAPHAPHA[6].PCR,PHA[70].PHA,.,PHAGenBank,,PHA[6].2.3.2PHAPHA,,CO2..,.,PHA.R.eutropha[10],P(3HB)3:A,2(2ketothiolase,PhaA)AA,NADPH(PhaB)(R)2A,PHBP(3HB),CoA.20PHA3HB,PHA,PHA[3].PHA,[18,71].1PHA.PHA,HA2CoAHA2CoA[9,10].,HA2(1).PHA:PhaJFabG2PHA[72,73],PhaGFabDPHA[74,75].PHA[76].,,acyl2ACPacyl2CoA[77].PHA,PHA.2.3.3PHA,PHA.A,.,(35)..,,.PHA:PHAPHA,00221©1994-2006ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.:(1)[78],;(2),PHA,PHA.,ThiocapsapfennigiiPHA[3,79].,R.eutropha.PHA[79].[80],.P(3HB),AA[81].P(3HB)PhbAPhbB,[82].PhaRParacoccusdenitrificans,PHA[83].PHA,2.,Pseudomonassp.6123phbRP.putidaKT2442phaSP.oleovoransP.putidaphaF.KesslerWitholt[84].PHA-PhasinPhaP,,Bacillusmegaterium[85].,[85].PhaPPHA[86].,PHA.,,.PHA[87],.a:;b:TCA;c:?2;d:;e:;f:;g:PHA1(FabD:malonyl2CoA;FabG:32ketoacyl2CoA;2)Fig.1MetabolicpathwaysthatsupplyhydroxyalkanoatemonomersforPHAbiosynthesis(FabD:malonyl2CoAtransacylase;FabG:32ketoacyl2CoAreductase.OtherproteinsseeTable2)1022:©1994-2006ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.