蕈菌生物学对蕈菌生产和蕈菌产品的影响

*张树庭*1993,,1,(13),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,()(),,,,,,2,,,,;,,,4:(1),(Agaricusbisporus);(2),(Ganodermalucidum);(3),(Amanitaphalloides);(4),,,150,69000,10000ZhejiangShiyongjun2010,18(5):24~29表1普通栽培蕈菌的首次栽培历史记录(Agaricusbisporus)1600(Morchellaspp)1986(Agaricusbitorquis)1961(Oudemansiellaradicata)1982(Agrocybecylindracea)1950(Pholiotanameko)1958(Amanitacaesarea)1984(Pleurotuscitrinopileatus)1981(Armillariameilea)983(Pleurotuscystidiosus)1969(Auriculariaauricula)600(Pleurotusferulae)1958(Coprinuscomatus)1984(Pleurotusflabellatus)1962(Dictyophoraduplicata)1982(Pleurotusflorida)1958(Flammulinavelutipes)800(Pleurotusostreatus)1900(Ganodermaspp)1621(Pleurotussajor-caju)1974(Gloeostereumincarnatum)1989(Poriacocos)1232(Grifolafrondosus)1983(Sparassiscrispa)1985(Hericiumcoralloides)1984(Tremellafuciformis)1800(Hericiumerinaceus)1960(Tremellamesenterica)1985(Hohenbueheliaserotina)1982(Tricholomagambosum)1991(Hypsizigusmarmoreus)1973(Tricholomalobayense)1990(Lentinusedodes)1000(Tricholomamongolicum)1991(Lentinustigrinus)1988(Volvariellavolvacea)1700(Lyophyllumulmarium)1987,1600,16001900,(Agaricus)(),,,,,,(),,:,,(2),2000,80,40,20,5~6,,,,(),,,,25:图1不同类型蕈菌的生育系统图2蕈菌科学,,1:()3,(2),(1)(2),(3),()(),(3),,,,,50(2040,),5,,12;50,,4(Deeptroughs),60,,,1965:,,262010185(a)(b)(a)(b)(c)O2CO2(d)pH(e)图3蕈菌生产的几个主要阶段,,;,,931;,,,,8~12,15%2070,(),,,,,!∀表31986年和1991年世界栽培蕈菌产量比较19861991%%%121555815900372309320147526012364417882253059421169789170215442611955465010929081004618704487040181400332500251140009600##66015###32007###7602#100549412#2176100042731000964(32~34∃)!∀,8~10,,,,,,,,,(CN)40~60%1,17~18%1,20~25%1,4~5,,,,,,,19862176(3),1989199037943,744%,245%27:图4蕈菌生物技术:开发蕈菌产品表4多种蕈菌提取物对癌细胞180的抗性%(Ganodermaapplanatum)510649(Coriolusversicolor)48775(Coriolushirsutus)210650(Trametesgibbosa)110492(Lenzitesbetulina)08239(Daedaleopistricolor)47702Fomitopsissemilaccata310442Rigidoporusgeotropus07448(Hirschioporus,fusco-violaceus)110455(Phelinuslinteus)78967(Lentinusedodes)610807(Flammulinavelutipes)310811(Pleurotusostreatus)510753(Amanitarubescens)08723(Pholiotanameko)310865(Tricholomamatsutake)59918(Auriculariamesenterica)09426198619891990,,19%,437%,2361%,,,4,(4),,,,,()(),(),,,,,,,:&;∋,(),;(,,,()180106,105(4),-,,PSK(Krestin,)PSP(),PSK,1987358,10252%(5)PSK(),PSPPSKPSPPSK,,282010185表5日本和美国最畅销的抗癌药物%%PSK358252Doxorubicin86163OK-432191134Cisplatin79150Tegafururacil177125Tamoxifencitrate681295-Fluorouracil10473Etoposide5298Tegafur10171Cyclophosphamide3159Tamoxifencitrate6344Methotrexate2955Interferon-4028Megestrolacetate2751Lentinan3122MitomycinC2547Carmofur2619Bleomycin2038Estramustinephosphatesodium2518Vincristinesulphate18345:,,,,,,,,,,199075,,19873769,,,,,,,65()(1)菇棚环境消毒对栽培棚外包括操作场地周边进行严格清理,尤其要彻底清理污染的菌袋和菌糠废料等,并喷洒高浓度多菌灵辛硫磷混合液等进行杀菌杀虫,有的还应连续用药2次(2)新菇棚消毒棚内可使用百病去无踪辛硫磷等药物,一般用量为1袋百病去无踪配50克辛硫磷,喷30平方米左右的地面或墙体及立柱等要求地毯式喷洒,然后密封菇棚,卷起草苫晒棚,密封2天后可进袋发菌或出菇;发菌和出菇期间的预防用药,可每5天左右喷洒1次蘑菇杀病灵或百病去无踪,但不要直喷子实体(3)旧菇棚消毒连续使用多年的菇棚,要彻底进行消毒处理一般可按1袋百病去无踪配40克辛硫磷药物,地毯式喷洒20平方米左右的地面或墙面,然后密封菇棚,卷起草苫晒棚,密封2天后,再次用药并继续密闭晒棚,2~7天后,方可进袋发菌(作者:孙国琴)(本刊编辑部摘编自2010818)中国食用菌商务网∗)29: