2018届高考英语阅读主旨大意题)

二、重难增分课—攻克重难拉分型题目主旨大意题、推理判断题和词义猜测题这三种题型属于阅读理解中的重点、难点，本课针对这三种易失分的题分别加以讲解，以期在二轮有限的复习时间内帮助考生攻重点、破难点，攻克薄弱点，才是增分点。•主旨大意题是阅读理解中考生失分最多的题目，因为该类试题不仅考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力，也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求，文章中没有明显的解题依据，需要考生从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括，才能归纳出文章的主旨。此类题目可分为三大类，即标题归纳题、文章大意题和段落大意题。要做好主旨大意题，我们首先必须了解其正确选项和干扰选项的特征。1．主旨大意题正确选项特征(1)涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段。(2)确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小。(3)精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。2．主旨大意题干扰选项特征(1)过于笼统，不知所云。所给选项内容概括的范围过大，超出文章所述内容。(2)以偏概全，主次不分。所给选项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，或以文章中的细节信息或个别字词作为选项的设置内容，或以次要的事实或细节充当全文的主要观点。(3)移花接木，偷换概念。所给选项被命题者有意识地把本属于A的内容放在B上，若不留神，极易选错答案。(4)无中生有，生搬硬套。所给选项的关键词语虽然在文章中谈到了，但选项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系。叮嘱考生：永远把主旨大意题放在最后做。因为考生需要读完全文才能把握文章主题，所以在解答此类题目时，考生不要急于去找答案，不论它出现在什么位置都把它作为最后一道题来做。在做完另外几道题目后，无疑会有助于考生加深对整篇文章的理解。题型一标题归纳题文章的标题是全文中心思想最精炼的表达。它的特点是：短小精炼，多为一短语，涵盖性强，一般要求能覆盖全文，其确定的范围要恰当，既不能太大，也不能太小；精确性强，不能随意改变语言表意的程度及色彩。[典例]Ifhumansweretrulyathomeunderthelightofthemoonandstars，wewouldgoindarknesshappily，themidnightworldasvisibletousasitistothevastnumberofnocturnal(夜间活动的)speciesonthisplanet.Instead，wearediurnalcreatures，witheyesadaptedtolivinginthesun’slight.(2015·浙江，C片段)Thisisabasicevolutionaryfact，eventhoughmostofusdon’tthinkofourselvesasdiurnalbeings.Yetit’stheonlywaytoexplainwhatwe’vedonetothenight：We’veengineeredittoreceiveusbyfillingitwithlight.54.Whatmightbethebesttitleforthepassage?()A.TheMagicLightB.TheOrangeHazeC.TheDisappearingNightD.TheRhythmsofNature√解析解析标题归纳题。整篇文章都在说明光污染给生物带来的巨大影响，本来是宁静、舒适的夜晚也被人类设计的灯光所影响。所以，标题应该是TheDisappearingNight。常见设问方式Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext？题型二文章大意题文章是由段落组成的。段落的主题就是段落的中心思想，具体段落的中心思想又是为文章整体中心思想服务的。理解整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在理解具体段落中心的基础上的。找出每小段的主题句，各段主题句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。常见设问方式Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?Thepassageismainlyabout________.Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthethemeofthepassage?Whichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizethepassage?Whatisthesubjectdiscussedinthepassage？•（2014陕西）Areyougoingtohighschooltogoonwithyourstudy?Whatwillyoudoifyoucan't?Don'tworry.Vocational(职业的)schoolsareopenforyoubecauseourcountryisinneedofpeoplewithspecialskills.•Comparedwithcommonhighschools,vocationalschoolshavemoreadvantages.Firstly,inordertopromote(促进)thedevelopmentofvocationaleducation,ourcountryspendsalotofmoneyonit.Soyouneedtopayonlyasmallpartoftheschoolfee(学费).Secondly,inhereyouhavealreadystartedlearningpracticalskillsthatyoucanuseallyourlife.•Butsomeotherstudentsmaystillworryabouthowtospendthelongthreeyearsathighschools.Why?Becausetheydidn'tchoosetheschoolthatsuits(适合)them.Andfinally,whentheyarestillwonderingwheretogo,youarealreadyabletoliveonyourownhandsproudly.Andperhapsitwon'tbelongbeforeyouareontheroadtosuccess.•Peopletakedifferentroadsbecausetheyhavedifferentpotentials(潜力).Sodifferentstudentsshouldchoosedifferentschools.Gotohighschoolifyouthinkthatyoucangofartheronthatroad.Chooseakeyhighschoolifyouareluckyenoughtohavethechance.Enteravocationalschoolifyouareinterestedinthelessonsthereandyouarebetteratmakingthingswithyourhands.•Inaword,thinkcarefullyandseewhatkindofpersonyouare.Remember,alwayschoosethingsthatsuityou.•49.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A.Peopleshouldtakethesameroad.•B.Keyhighschoolstudentsmustbegoodatmakingthings.•C.Cleverstudentsarebetteratusingtheirhands.•D.Weshouldchoosethingsthatsuitus.√•50.Thispassageiswrittento.A.advisesomestudentstochoosevocationalschoolsB.talkabouttheadvantagesofcommonhighschoolsC.discusshowtodividestudentsintodifferentgroupsD.comparedifferentschools√题型三段落大意题要准确概括某一段落的大意，务必要知道该段落的逻辑结构。如该段是按总分结构组织，首句做总的说明，其他句子对其进行具体论述，主题句就在段首；如果按分总结构组织，主题句就在段尾；如是按分总分的结构组织，则主题句就在这段话的中间；如是对比各事物，那么它们的共同点或不同点就是该段大意。常见设问方式WhatdoestheauthortellusinParagraph...?Themainideaofthesecondparagraphprobablyis________.Thefirstparagraphismainlyabout_____.WhichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizePara.1？•(2016·浙江，C片段)•Viewingchildhooddevelopmentasascientificinvestigationthrowslightonhowchildrenlearn，butitalsooffersaninspiringlookatscienceandscientists.Whydoyoungchildrenandscientistsseemtobesomuchalike?Psychologistshavesuggestedthatscienceasaneffort—thedesiretoexplore,explain,andunderstandourworld—issimplysomethingthatcomesfromourbabyhood.•Perhapsevolution(进化)providedhumanbabieswithcuriosityandanaturaldrivetoexplaintheirworlds,andadultscientistssimplymakeuseofthesamedrivethatservedthemaschildren.Thesamecognitive(认知的)systemsthatmakeyoungchildrenfeelgoodaboutfiguringsomethingoutmayhavebeenadoptedbyadultscientists.Assomepsychologistsputit,“Itisnotthatchildrenarelittlescientistsbutthatscientistsarebigchildren.”•Q：Whatisthemainideaofthelastparagraph?•A．Theworldmaybemoreclearlyexplainedthroughchildren'splay.•B．Studyingbabies'playmayleadto•abetterunderstandingofscience.•C．Childrenmayhavegreaterabilitytofigureoutthingsthanscientists.•D．One'sdriveforscientificresearchmaybecomestrongerashegrows.•[解题思路]•第一步读本段文字，试找出本段的主题句，并标出能总结段落大意的关键词•Viewingchildhooddevelopmentasascientificinvestigationthrowslightonhowchildrenlearn，butitalsooffersaninspiringlookatscienceandscientists.•第二步根据该题选项的特点以及找到的主题句选BA•IhateBlackFridaysales.It'softenagatheringofpeoplewhoarethereformanydifferentreasons.Somearelo