2012年职称英语卫生类A级新增文章-阅读理解(含练习解析及译文)

1SomePeopleDoNotTasteSaltLikeOthersLow—saltfoodsmaybeharderforsomepeopletolikethanothers，accordingtoastudybyaPennStateCollegeofAgriculturalScienceslfoodscientist．Theresearchindicatesthatgeneticfactorsinfluencesomeofthedifferenceinthelevelsofsaltweliketoeat．Thoseconclusionsareimportantbecauserecent，well—publicizedeffortstoreducethesaltcontentinfood2haveleftmanypeoplestrugglingtoacceptfarethatsimplydoesnottasteasgoodtothemasitdoestoothers3，pointedoutJohnHayes，assistantprofessoroffoodscience，whowasleadinvestigator40nthestudy．DietshighinsaltCanincreasetheriskofhighbloodpressureandstroke．Thatiswhypublichealthexpertsandfoodcompaniesareworkingtogetheronwaystohelpconsumerslowersaltintakethroughfoodsthatareenjoyabletoeat．Thisstudyincreasesunderstandingofsaltpreferenceandconsumption．Theresearchinvolved87carefullyscreenedparticipantswhosampledsaltyfoodssuchassoupandchips，onmultipleoccasions，spreadoutoverweeks5．Testsubjectswere45：menand42women,reportedlyhealthy，ranginginagefrom20t040years．Thesamplewascomposedofindividualswhowerenotactivelymodifyingtheirdietaryintakeanddidnotsmokecigarettes．Theyratedtheintensityoftasteonacommonlyusedscientificscale，rangingfrombarelydetectabletostrongestsensationofanykind．“Mostofuslikethetasteofsalt．However，someindividualseatmoresalt，bothbecausetheylikethetasteofsaltinessmore，andalsobecauseitisneededtoblockotherunpleasanttastesinfood,”saidHayes.“Supertasters,peoplewhoexperiencetastesmoreintensely,consumemoresaltthannontastersdo.Snackfoodshavesaltinessastheirprimaryflavor,andatleastforthesefoods,moreisbetter,sothesupertastersseemtolikethemmore.”However,supertastersalsoneedhigherlevelsofsalttoblockunpleasantbittertastesinfoodssuchascheese，Hayesnoted．“Forexample，cheeseisawonderfulblendofdairyflavorsfromfermentedmilk，butalsobittertastesfromripeningthatareblockedbysalt，”hesaid．“Asupertasterfindslow-saltcheeseunpleasantbecausethebitternessistoopronounced6．”Hayescitedresearchdonemorethan75yearsagobyachemistnamedFoxandageneticistnamedBlakeslee，showingthatindividualsdifferintheirabilitytotastecertainchemicals．Asaresult，Hayesexplained，weknowthatawiderangeintasteacuityexists，andthisvariationisasnormalasvariationsineyeandhaircolor．“Somepeople，calledsupertasters，describebittercompoundsasbeingextremelybitter，whileothers，callednontasters，findthesesamebittercompoundstobetastelessoronlyweaklybitter．”hesaid．“Responsetobittercompoundsisoneofmanywaystoidentifybiologicaldifferencesinfoodpreferencebecausesupertastin7isnotlimitedtobitterness．词汇：Publicizev．引起公众对…的注意；(用广告)宣传Dietaryadj．饮食的；规定食物的Fermentv．(使)发酵Geneticistn．遗传学家Acuityn．敏锐；尖锐注释：21．PennStateCollegeofAgriculturalSciences：即PennStateUniversity--CollegeofAgriculturalSciences宾州州立大学农学院。Penn是Pennsylvania的缩写，是美国宾夕法尼亚州名。宾州州立大学建于1855年：在全国共有24个分校。在句中，PennStateCollegeofAgriculturalSciences用作定语，修饰foodscientist。2．Well-publicizedeffortstoreducethesaltcontentinfood：大力宣传减少食物含盐量的做法3．1eftmanypeoplestrugglingtoacceptfarethatsimplydoesnottasteasgoodtothemasitdoestoothers：使得许多人努力去接受适合其他人而不适合他们口味的食物。fare相当于food。4．1eadinvestigator：研发项目负责人5．…carefullyscreenedparticipantswhosampledsaltyfoodsassoupandchips．onmultipleoccasion，spreadoutoverweeks：……经过仔细筛选的实验参与者，他们在几周内的不同时间里品尝了汤和薯条等含盐食物。6．toopronounced：此处pronounced为形容词，意为verynoticeable，conspicuous(明显的，显著的)。7．supertasting：超重味感练习：1．Inparagraph2，JohnHayespointsoutthatA．itisgoodtohealthtoeatfoodwithoutsalt．B．manypeoplerejectlow—saltfoodcompletely．C．manypeopleacceptlow—salttastelessfoodreluctantlyD．foodwithreducedsalttastesbetter．2．ThefourthparagraphdescribesbrieflyA．howtoselectsubjectsandwhattodointheresearch．B．howtoidentifysupertastersandnontasters．C．whytolimitthenumberofsubjectsto87persons．D．whytoselectmoremalesubjectsthanfemaleones．3.ThearticlearguesthatsupertastersA．1ikethe；tasteofsaltinesstoblocksweettastesinfood．B．1ikesnackfoodsassaltinessistheirprimaryflavor．C．consumelesssaltbecausetheydontlikeintensivetastes．D．1iketosharesaltycheesewithnontasters．4.Whichofthefollowingappliestosupertastersintermsofbittertaste?A．Theylikebitternessinfoodsaswellassaltiness．B．Theylikehigh．saltcheeseasithasintensebittertaste．C．Theypreferhigh—saltcheese．whichtasteslessbitter．．D.Theypreferhigh-saltcheeseasitisgoodtohealth．5.Whatmessagedothelasttwoparagraphscarry?A．Tasteacuityisgeneticallydetermined．B．Tasteacuityisdevelopedovertimeafterbirth．C．Tasteacuityisrelatedtoone'seyeandhaircolor．D．Tasteacuityisstillamysterioussubjectinscience．答案与题解：1．C根据短文的第二段内容，很多人因为食物中的含盐量降低，所以必须做出很大努力3(struggling)去适应，而低盐食物对于他们来说，口味很不好(farethatsimplydoesnottaste…goodtothem)。选项C有acceptreluctantly(勉强接受)表达了这层意思，所以是正确的选择。A、B、D三个选项均是错误的。2．A第四段介绍了科学家是如何设计这项研究的，它包含了研究对象的人数、性别、人选条件、咸度味感分级表等。选项A概括了这方面的内容，所以是答案。而选项B、C、D所述内容均不符合该段的意思。3．B短文的第五段提供了答案osupertaster在这里的意思是：口味重的人，在本文中，nontaster是其反义词，即，口味清谈的人。该段告诉我们，口味重的人消耗更多的盐；因为快餐食品的主要味道就是咸味，而且咸度越高，口味越好，所以口味重的人对快餐较为偏爱。选项B表达了上述内容，所以是答案。4．C短文第六段提供了答案。该段告诉我们，奶酪发酵会产生苦味，supertasters不喜欢苦味，而高含盐量可以盖住奶酪里的昔味，这是他们偏爱高盐奶酪的原因。所以，只有C是正确选择。5．A文章第七段中，Hayes引用了75年前一位遗传学专家的实验。从这项实验中，Hayes得出的结论是，Tasteacuity(味觉敏度)上的差异与他们头发和眼睛的颜色上的差异是同一类现象，也就是说，都是与生俱来的。第八段又说，这是一种biolo