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1地球的形状近似于球体Theearth'sshapeisnearlyspecial.2它的周长约为25000英里,其两极直径约为7900英里,赤道直径为7927千米Ithasacircumferenceofapproximately25000miles(40000km),apolardiameterofabout7900miles(12714km),andanequatordiameterof7927miles(12756km).3地球内部的三大圈层是地核、地幔和地壳。Thethreemainlayersoftheearth'sinteriorarecoremantleandcrust.4地核的直径大约为4300英里(6900千米),其主要成分极可能是铁。Thediameterofthecoreisabout4300miles(6900km),andironisprobablyitschiefingredient.5由于地核的体积接近(地球体积的)16%,总体看来,地壳实际上只占地球的一个非常小的部分。Thecoreconsistsofaninnerpartthatisbelievedtobesolidandanouterpartthatappearsfluid.6地质年代是用来描述地球历史事件的时间单位和各种地质事件发生的时间。Thegeologictimeisaunitoftimeusedtodescribethehistoriceventsoftheearthandthetimeinwhichdifferentgeologiceventstakeplace.7它包含两方面的含义:其一是指各地质事件发生的先后顺序,称为相对地质年代;其二是指各地质事件从发生到现今的时间段,称为绝对地质年代。Ithastwoimplications:thetimesequenceofthegeologicaleventscalledarelativetimeandthetimespanfromtheoccurrenceoftheeventstothepresentreferredtoastheabsolutetime.8这两方面结合,才构成对地质事件及地球、地壳演变时代的完整认识,地质年代表正是在此基础上建立起来的。Theintegrationofthetwomeasurementsmakespossibleanoverallunderstandingofthegeologicevents,theearthandthedevelopmentofthecrustjustbasedonwhichthegeologictimescalecomesintobeing.9全球变暖,世界各地的温度升高,正在加快侵蚀的速度。Globalwarming,theincreaseoftemperaturearoundtheworld,isspeedingerosion.10气候的变化也与更频繁、更剧烈的风暴联系起来。Thechangeinclimatehasbeenlinkedtomorefrequentandmoreseverestoms.11伴随着飓风和台风后的风暴潮可能侵蚀数英里的海岸线和沿海栖息地。Stormsurgesfollowinghurricanesandtyphoonserodemilesofcoastlineandcoastalhabitat.12这些沿海地区有家园、企业,以及经济上重要的产业,比如渔场。Homes,businessesandeconomicallyimportantindustries,suchasfisheries,settleddowmalongtheseareas.13温度的升高也迅速融化着冰川,这就造成海平面上升的速度超出了生物可以适应的程度Theriseintemperatureisalsoquicklymeltingglacier,whichcausesthesealeveltorisefasterthanorganismscanadapttoit.14上升的海平面会更迅速地侵蚀沙滩。Therisingseaerodessandbeachesmuchmorequickly.15据估计,海平面上升8~10厘米引起的侵蚀将足矣威胁到建筑物、下水道系统、道路和隧道。Itisestimatedthatariseinsealevelof8to10centimeterswillleadtoenougherosiontothreatenthesafelyofbuildings,sewersystems,roadsandtunnels.16石英是一种分布很广的矿物,其丰度居第二位。Averywidespreadmineral,quartzisthesecond-mostabundant.17石英是一种特殊矿物,是氧化硅类中唯一常见的矿物。Quartzisaspecificmineral,theonlycommononeofthesilicagroup.18从化学上说,氧化硅是SiO2,由此可见,石英是完全由两种最丰富的化学元素组成的化合物。Chemically,silicaisSiO2.Thus,quartzisacompoundcomposed,entirelyofthetwomostabundantchemicalelements.19在大的纯晶体中,石英类似无色玻璃;但是少许杂质就会赋予它多种多样的颜色。Inlargepurecrystal,quartzresemblescolorlessglass.20而某些细小的结晶变化,如燧石,可能是不透明的,并具有油脂光泽Someminutelycrystallinevarieties,suchasflint,mayleadtobeopaqueandofaresinousluster.21火成岩也称岩浆岩,来源于拉丁文ignis,意为火焰,一般是由地下深处炽热的熔岩和熔融体在地下或地表冷却凝固而成Igneousrocks,alsocalledmagmaticrockandderivedfromtheLatinwordignismeaningfire,areformedbeloworonthesurfaceoftheearththroughthecoolingandsolidificationofhotmagmaorlavaatdepth.22火成岩分为侵入岩和喷出岩。现在已经发现700多种类型的岩浆岩,它们中的大部分形成于地壳表面以下的Igneousrockscanbegroupedintointrusiveandextrusiverocks.Over700typesofigneousrockshavebeenfound,mostofthemhavingformedbeneachthesurfaceofEarth'scrust.23花岗岩、安山岩及玄武岩是常见的例子Granite,andesiteandbasaltarefamiliarexamples.24一般来说,火成岩易沿一些大陆板块边缘的火山区生的Generally,igneousrocksarelikelytooccurinvolcanicfieldalongthemarginofsomecontinentalplates.25沉积物是通过像流水、海浪、洋流、风和冰川这样一些地质营力进行搬运和沉降或沉淀下来的。Thesedimentshavebeentransportedanddroppedorprecipitatedbysuchgeologicagentsasrunningwaters,oceanwaves,oceancurrents,windsandglaciers.26有的岩石碎屑呈磨圆状,有的则呈棱角状。这种特征取决于搬运距离的远近和其他因素。Someoftherockfragmentsmayberounded,othersareangular.Suchfeaturesdependuponthedistanceoftransportationandotherfactors.27在组成地壳的构造板块中,其中两个板块沿它们的边界互相挤压便形成了褶皱山系。FoldmountainsareformedwhentwoofthetectonicplatesthatmakeuptheEarth'scrustpushtogetherattheirborder.28巨大的压力迫使板块的边缘发生弯曲和向上隆起形成一系列的褶皱。Theextremepressureforcestheedgesoftheplatesupwardsintoaseriesoffolds.29褶皱山系通过所谓的造山运动而形成Foldmountainsarecreatedthroughaprocesscalledorogeny.30因为板块每年只位移几厘米,因而一次造山运动形成一个山脉需要数百万年。Becauseplatesmoveonlyseveralcentimeterseveryyear,creatingamountainwouldtakemillionsofyearsofanorogenicevent.31褶皱山系是地球上最常见的山脉类型。其他类型有火山山脉、侵蚀山脉和断块山。FoldmountainsarethemostcommontypeofmountainsonEarth.Othertypesofmountainsarevolcanicmountains,erosionalmountainsandfault-blockmountains.32火山活动可形成火山山脉。Volcanoescreatevolcanicmountains.33侵蚀山的产生是由于风和水剥蚀掉了陆地中松软的部分而留下了坚硬的岩丘。Erosionalmountainsareproducedaswindandwaterwearawaysoftportionsoflandandleavehardrocks.34断块山形成于大陆地壳发生位移的部位。Fault-blockmountainsareformedintheareaswheretheEarth'scrustaremoving.3519世纪末地质学家认为,地球的主要特征是一成不变的。Inthelate19thcentury,geologistsbelievedthattheEarth'smajorfeatureswerefixed.36但在18世纪后半叶,板块构造学说在地球科学界被广泛接受。Butinthesecondhalfofthe18thcentury,PlateTectonicwaswidelyacceptedingeoscientificcommunity.37板块构造基本上是一种运动学现象。PlateTectonicisbasicallyakinematicphenomenon.38地球科学家通过观察和推理认为板块间发生了相互运动,并就板块是何时和以何种方式运动展开了讨论并达成共识。Earthscientistsbelievedontheobservationanddeductionthattheplateshavemovedwithrespecttooneanother,anddebatedandreachedagreementsastowhenandhowtheplatesmoved.39不过,一个重要的问题仍然没有解决,板块运动背后的动力是什么,即地球动力学机制是什么,在这一点上科学界有诸多不同的理论解释。Butstill,amajorquestionremainsastowhatthemotorbehindthismovement,namely,whatthegeodynamicmechanismis,andherescientificcommunitydivergedindifferentth
本文标题:1地球的形状近似于球体Theearth
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