南开大学2010考博英语试题及答案

4阅读理解共4篇40分：比去年少一篇但是明显偏难了第一题，有关公司内部职员股票；经济第二题，有关霍金的BigBang，黑洞理论；物理第三题，有关对黑人的歧视；政治第四题，生物入侵；生物。此四篇据说涵盖了南开四大优势学科。5改错题10空10分，原文：Wheneveryouseeanoldfilm,evenonemadeaslittleastenyearsago,youcannothelpbeingstruckbytheappearanceofthewomentakingpart.Theirhair-stylesandmake-uplookdated;theirskirtslookeithertoolongortooshort;theirgeneralappearanceis,infact,slightlyludicrous.Thementakingpartinthefilm,ontheotherhand,areclearlyrecognizable.Thereisnothingabouttheirappearancetosuggestthattheybelongtoanentirelydifferentage.Thisillusioniscreatedbychangingfashions.Overtheyear,thegreatmajorityofmenhavesuccessfullyresistedallattemptstomakethemchangetheirstyleofdress.Thesamecannotbesaidforwomen.Eachyearafewso-calledtopdesignersinParisorLondonlaydownthelawandwomenthewholeworldoverrushtoobey.Thedecreesofthedesignersareunpredictableanddictatorial.Thisyear,theydecideintheirarbitraryfashion,skirtswillbeshortandwaistswillbehigh;zipsareinandbuttonsareout.Nextyearthelawisreversedandfarfromtakingexception,nooneisevenmildlysurprised.Ifwomenaremercilesslyexploitedyearafteryear,theyhaveonlythemselvestoblame.Becausetheyshudderatthethoughtofbeingseeninpublicinclothesthatareoutoffashion,theyareannuallyblack-mailedbythedesignersandthebigstores.Clothes,whichhavebeenworn,onlyafewtimeshavetobediscardedbecauseofthedictatesoffashion.Whenyoucometothinkofit,onlyawomeniscapableofstandinginfrontofawardrobepackedfullofclothesandannouncingsadlythatshehasnothingtowear.Changingfashionsarenothingmorethanthedeliberatecreationofwaste.Manywomensquandervastsumsofmoneyeachyeartoreplaceclothesthathavehardlybeenworn.Women,whocannotaffordtodiscardclothinginthisway,wastehoursoftheirtimealteringthedressestheyhave.Hem-limesaretakenuporletdown;waist-linesaretakeninorletout;neck-linesareloweredorraised,andsoon.Noonecanclaimthatthefashionindustrycontributesanythingreallyimportanttosociety.Fashiondesignersarerarelyconcernedwithvitalthingslikewarmth,comfortanddurability.Theyareonlyinterestedinoutwardappearanceandtheytakeadvantageofthefactthatwomenwillputupwithanyamountofdiscomfort,providingtheylookright.Therecanhardlybeamanwhohasn’tatsometimeinhislifesmiledatthesightofawomanshiveringinaflimsydressonawintryday,ordelicatelypickingherwaythroughdeepsnowindaintyshoes.Whencomparingmenandwomeninthematteroffashion,theconclusionstobedrawnareobvious.Dotheconstantlychangingfashionsofwomen’sclothes,onewonders,reflectbasicqualitiesofficklenessandinstability?Menaretoosensibletoletthemselvesbebulliedbyfashiondesigners.Dotheirunchangingstylesofdressreflectbasicqualitiesofstabilityandreliability?Thatisforyoutodecide.阅读相对论原文：StephenWilliamHawkingBiographyThetheoriesofBritishphysicistandmathematicianStephenWilliamHawking(born1942)placedhiminthegreattraditionofNewtonandEinstein.Hawkingmadefundamentalcontributionstothescienceofcosmology--thestudyoftheorigins,structure,andspace-timerelationshipsoftheuniverse.StephenW.HawkingwasbornonJanuary8,1942,inOxford,England.Hisfather,awell-knownresearcherintropicalmedicine,urgedhissontoseekacareerinthesciences.Stephenfoundbiologyandmedicinetoodescriptiveandlackinginexactness.Therefore,heturnedtothestudyofmathematicsandphysics.HawkingwasnotanoutstandingstudentatSt.Alban'sSchool,Hertfordshire,norlateratOxfordUniversity,whichheenteredin1959.Hewasasociableyoungmanwhodidlittleschoolworkbecausehewasabletograsptheessentialsofamathematicsorphysicsproblemquicklyandintuitively.WhileatOxfordhebecameincreasinglyinterestedinrelativitytheoryandquantummechanics,eventuallygraduatingwithafirstclasshonorsinphysics(1962).Heimmediatelybeganpost-graduatestudiesatCambridgeUniversity.TheonsetofHawking'sgraduateeducationatCambridgemarkedaturningpointinhislife.Itwasthenthatheembarkedupontheformalstudyofcosmologythatfocusedhisintellectualenergiesinawaythattheyhadneverbeenpreviously.Anditwasthenthathewasfirststrickenwithamyotrophiclateralsclerosis(LouGehrig'sdisease),adebilitatingneuromotordiseasethateventuallyledtohistotalconfinementtoawheelchairandtoavirtuallossofhisspeechfunctions.AtCambridgehistalentswererecognizedbyhismajorprofessor,thecosmologistDennisW.Sciama,andhewasencouragedtocarryonhisstudiesdespitehisgrowingphysicaldisabilities.Hismarriagein1965toJaneWildewasanimportantstepinhisemotionallife.Marriagegavehim,herecalled,thedeterminationtoliveandmakeprofessionalprogressintheworldofscience.Hawkingreceivedhisdoctoratedegreein1966andbeganhislife-longresearchandteachingassociationwithCambridgeUniversity.Hawkingmadehisfirstmajorcontributiontosciencewithhistheoremofsingularity,aworkwhichgrewoutofhiscollaborationwiththeoreticianRogerPenrose.Asingularityisaplaceineitherspaceortimeatwhichsomequantitybecomesinfinite.Suchaplaceisfoundinablackhole,thefinalstageofacollapsedstar,wherethegravitationalfieldhasinfinitestrength.Penroseprovedthatasingularitywasnotahypotheticalconstruct;itcouldexistinthespace-timeofarealuniverse.DrawinguponPenrose'sworkandonEinstein'sGeneralTheoryofRelativity,Hawkingdemonstratedthatouruniversehaditsoriginsinasingularity.Inthebeginningallofthematterintheunivers