混合动力汽车、纯电动汽车及燃料电池毕业设计翻译原文

1、Whichenergysourceforroadtransportinthefuture?Acomparisonofbattery,hybridandfuelcellvehiclesJ.VanMierlo*,G.Maggetto,Ph.LataireDepartmentofElectricalEngineeringandEnergyTechnology(ETEC),VrijeUniversiteitBrussel,Pleinlaan2,1050Brussels,BelgiumAvailableonline23March2006AbstractThehydrogeneraisforeseenfollowingtheEuropeanresearchprogrammeinatimehorizonof2020–2040.Buttherewillbeclearlyachoicetobemadebetweenanelectroneconomy(directuseoftheproducedelectricity)andthesocalled‘‘hydrogeneconomy’’whichleads。

2、totheintroductionofanintermediatehydrogenproduction,transportanddistributionprocessbeforetheﬁnaluseinanelectricalprocess.Thispaperconsidersonlypassengercaranddeliveryvansapplications.Inthisﬁeldabigtimegapistobeﬁlledbetweenthesituationtoday,theoccurrenceofoilshortageinaquiteshortfutureandthistimehorizon2020–2040.Today’sinter-mediatesolutionsareclearlybasedonhybridelectricvehiclesandbatteryelectricvehicles.Theperformancesofthesesolu-tionsareputtingalotofquestionsonthenecessityofahydrogeneconomyfor。

3、futuretransportation.ThepaperdiscussesperformancesofhybridelectricvehiclesandbatteryelectricvehiclesincomparisonofthefuturehydrogenfuelcellbasedsystemswhicharenowinR&Dphaseandaverybeginningofﬁelddemonstration.2006ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.Keywords:Hydrogen;Roadtransport;Batteryelectricvehicles;Hybridelectricvehicles;Fuelcellelectricvehicles1.IntroductionTheelectricvehicleisanoptimumsolutionforurbanmobilityasitemitsnoexhaustfumes.Particularlyincitiesandinadverseclimaticconditions,traﬃc-gener。

4、atedemissionsaredegradingairqualityuptothepointwherethephysicalhealthofthepopulationisdirectlythreatened.Severalcitieshavealreadyhadtoapplyrepeatedlydrastictraﬃcrestrictions.Theelectricvehicleisalsoideallysuitedtobeintegratedintonewtraﬃcmanagementconcepts,suchasautomaticrent-a-carsystemsandgoodsdistributioncentres,orsmallbusesforcity-centreservices.0196-8904/$-seefrontmatter2006ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2006.02.004*Correspondingauthor.Tel.:+3226292804.E-mailaddresses:。

5、Joeri.van.mierlo@vub.ac.be(J.VanMierlo),gmagget@vub.ac.be(G.Maggetto),plataire@vub.ac.be(Ph.Lataire).EnergyConversionandManagement47(2006)2748–2760ﬂeets.Today,thereisaclearnecessitytogeneralisethesupportorganisedattheEuropeanlevelpreparingsothesteptowardshydrogenelectricvehicles.Theoilcrisisisclearlyinaninitialdevelopmentstepandisgoingtotakedramaticdimensions[1–3]callingforanurgentintroductionofalternativefuelsforroadtransportwithelectricityplayingamajorrole.How-evertheelectricity,storageremains。

6、akeypoint.Thedevelopmentofalternativebatterysystemsshowsthepos-sibilityofmakingarealtechnicalandeconomicbreakthroughinashortormediumtermconsistentwithanimportantmarketdevelopment.Newbatterytypessuchashigh-temperaturebatteries,Nickel-metalhydridebatteries,andlithium-basedbatteriesarealreadyonthemarketorwillbeavailableinthecomingyears.Duetotheirhighenergydensity(70Wh/kgforNiMHand125Wh/kgforLicomparedto40Wh/kgforPband60forNiCd[4]),theywilloﬀerunprecedentedvehicleranges,upto250kmandevenmuchmorethrou。

7、ghtheintroductionofrangeextenders.ApowerfulpublicnationalandEuropeansupportisstillnecessaryaswellasaneﬀectivemarketingapproach.Thelong-rangeormulti-missionelectricallydrivenvehiclewillbecomearealitythroughthedevelopmentofhybriddrivetrains.Hybridvehiclescombineelectricandotherdrivesystems,suchasinternalcombustionengines,gasturbinesandfuelcells.Themainadvantageofthiscombinationisthepermanentinteractionbetweenthehighlyeﬃcientelectricsystemandthethermalengineorfuelcell.Heretoo,thepowerbatteriesoroth。

8、erpowerboosterssuchassupercapacitorsplayakeyrole.Anumberofreliablevehiclesarecomingonthemarkettodaywithalargespectrumofhybridisationratios(fromstartandstopsystemstofullhybridpowertrain).Duetotheinbuiltdualfunctionhybridvehicleshavealongerrangethanbatteryelectricvehicles.Theycanoﬀertheoptionofrunningonelectricityaloneinurbanenvironmentssobeinglocallyzeroemissionatthistime.Someofthesevehiclescanbeplugged-inusingconventionalorrenewablesourcesofenergytoproduceelectricityinaneﬀectiveway.Thehybridtech。

9、nologyisnowparticularlyfavouredforheavy-dutyvehiclessuchascity-busesandleadsto20–30%reductioninbothenergyconsumptionandassociatedemissions.Severalstudieshaveinvestigatedthewell-to-wheelenergyconsumptionofvehiclesusingalternativefuelsordrivetrains[5–8].Severalpathwaystoproducehydrogenandotherfuelsandtouseitinseveralinternalcom-bustionengines,hybriddrivetrainsorfuelcellvehiclesarecomparedinthesestudies.Howeveracomparisonwithbatteryelectricvehiclesismostlyomittedinthesestudies.Theobjectiveofthispap。

10、eriscomparingthebatteryandhybridelectricvehicleswithconventionalvehiclesandfuelcellelectricvehiclesonthebasisofenergyconsumption.Thedualitybetweenbatteryelectricvehicleandfuelcellelectricvehiclewillbeextensivelydemonstratedinthefollowingsections.2.FactsrelatedwiththemobilityofpeopleandgoodsLetushighlightsomefactsaboutthemobilityofpeopleandgoods.2.1。