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当前位置:首页 > 中学教育 > 初中教育 > 定语从句与非谓语动词
二.定语从句:定语从句三步:第一找出先行词(被修饰的那个名词或代词);第二看从句缺少什么成份(如主语、宾语或状语);第三选择合适的引导词。从句中所缺成份指人指物主语thatwhothatwhich宾语(thatwhowhom)(thatwhich)时间状语when=相应的介词+which地点状语Where=相应的介词+which---的whose或ofwhich注意:引导词在介词后,指人只能用whom指物只能用which高考对定语从句的考查常涉及以下几个方面:【考点6】正确区别限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的结构;理解关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中的作用;特别注意指代整个主句内容的关系代词which引导的非限制性定语从句。非限制性定语从句,从意义上来说,是对主语的补充说明,从结构上来看,先行词和定语从句之间用逗号隔开,HemakesgreatprogressinhisEnglishlearning,whichmakeshismotherveryhappy.⑧Ishallneverforgettheday_____ShenzhouVwaslaunched,_____hasagreateffectonmylife.A.when;whichB.that;whichC.which;thatD.when;that(2004北京东城)【考点7】关系代词that,who,which以及as的用法区别。指人时常只用who不用that的情况;指物时只用which不用that的情况;只用that不用which的情况;关系代词as与which的用法区别;thesame…that…与thesame…as…的区别:1其中that,who(whom),都可以指人,那么他们在指人时有什么区别呢。[本条记忆技巧:用who不用that的情况“therebe”“one,ones,anyone,nobody,those”被分割。那里有(there)很多万(one)被那些人(those)分割。]1先行词为those,one,anyone,nobody等词时,用who不用that,例如:TheonewhoknowsmewellisTom.2在分隔型定语从句中,若先行词是人,用who不用that,例:AnewteacherwillcomewhowillteachyouGerman.在本句中,先行词“teacher”和修饰限定它的从句“whowillteachyouGerman”分离,所以我们用who不用that。3先行词为“therebe”结构的主语时,例如Thereisamanwhowantstoseeyou.在本句子当中aman是Thereisaman这句当中的主语,所以用who不用that2其中,that和which都可以指物,它们在指物时的区别:用that不用which1先行词前有形容词最高级,序数词,all,every,little,no,any,much,theonly,thevery,thelast等修饰时,例如:Ihavereadallthebooksthatyougaveme.2先行词为all,few,nothing,everything,little,much等不定代词时:Hedidallthathecoulddotohelpus.3主语以who或which开头时Whoisthemanthatjustcalledyoujustnow?4关系代词在从句中做表语时Chinaisnotthecountrythatiswas.5既指人又指物时Hetalkedabouttheteachersandschoolsthathehadvisited.2,先行词表示物时,用which不用that的情况1引导非限制性定语从句时,例如:Sheheardaterriblenoise,whichbroughtherhearttohermouth.2当关系代词做介词宾语时,例如:Hewroteabookinwhichhecouldlearnabouthislife.在上一例句中,引导词“which”作了介词“in”的宾语,所以不可以用“that”代替.关于as1在一些结构,如“such…as”“thesame…as”“as…as”等结构中,定语从句的引导词经常要用到as,例如ThisisnotsuchabookasIexpected.thesameas和thesamethat的区别。例句:ThisisthesametoolasIusedlasttime.ThisisthesametoolthatIusedlasttime.在例句中,第一句的意思是这个工具和我上次用的一样,但是第二句的意思是这就是我上次用的工具2as和which的比较相同点:两者都可以引导非限制性定语从句,先行词都可以是整个句子,都可以在从句中做主语,宾语表语。不同点:1as引导的从句可以放在句首和句尾,而which引导的从句只可放在句尾。2as还有正如、正象的意思。AsMarxpointedout,laborcreatedmanhimself.当先行词,虽然表示时间地点,但是引导词在从句中不是做状语,而是做宾语时,不能用when,where引导,而只能用that,which等引导。比较以下两个句字:IwillneverforgetthedayswhenIfirstwenttoBeijing.Iwillneverforgetthedaysthat(which)wespenttogether⑨Thereisnosuchplace___youdreamofinallthisworld.(2004北京西城·5月)A.thatB.whatC.whichD.as【考点8】区别that引导的定语从句与that引导的同位语从句。that引导同位语从句时,that是纯连词,在从句中不充当任何成分;that引导定语从句时,that是关系代词,在从句中充当主语或宾语等。比较:Thenewsthattheyhadwonthegamearrivedsoon.Thenewsthatyoutoldmeyesterdayistrue.⑩Isthisthereason_____atthemeetingforhiscarelessnessinhiswork?(2002上海春季)A.heexplainedB.whatheexplainedC.howheexplainedD.whyheexplained【考点9】定语从句中谓语动词须与先行词在人称与数上保持一致。⑾Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswho________awinnerofscholarshipinthreeyears.A.isB.areC.havebeenD.hasbeen(2002上海春季)【考点10】在先行词为time,place,reason时,常可用that代替when,where,why,并常常省去。如:Thatwasthereason(that)/why/forwhichhelefthome.⑿Whatsurprisedmewasnotwhathesaidbut_______hesaidit.(2004湖北)A.thewayB.inthewaythatC.inthewayD.thewaywhich【考点11】定语从句应特别注意的几个问题Ⅰ.关系代词which例1.TheGreenswillmoveintothenewhousenextMonday,_____itwillbecompletelyfinished.A.bythetimeB.bywhichtimeC.thatD.which例2.Waterboilsat100℃,_____itchangestogas.A.atwhichtemperatureB.atwhichC.bywhichtemperatureD.bywhich析:which引导定语从句时,在从句中除了作主语或宾语外,还可以作定语修饰名词,常用于“介词+which+名词”结构中,相当于“and+介词+this/that+名词”。所以例1选B;例2选A。Ⅱ.关系副词when例1.Couldyousuggestatime_____itwouldfityoutovisitusandtryoutthemachine﹖例2.Thinkofatime_____youwerehappiest.(Senior3,L93)例3.Therewasatime_____allscientistswerewillingtosharetheirresults.(Senior3,L3)A.thatB.whenC.whichD.where析:当先行词为atime(一段时间)时,引导定语从句的关系词常用when,而不采用that,故以上例题均选B。在我们课本中类似的句子还有:①Thiswasatatimewhentherewasnoradio,TVorcinema.(Senior2,L70)②It’saboutatimewhentherewereblackslavesinNorthAmerica.(Senior1,L53)Ⅲ.关系代词but例:Thereisnoone_____wishespeace.A.whoB.butC.thatD.whom析:本题句意为“没有人不希望和平。”but作关系代词,在定语从句中作主语。but相当于who/thatdon’t/doesn’t,but本身含有否定意义。故本题选B。Ⅳ.定语从句与强调句及其他从句的混合例1.Itwasinthesmallhouse____wasbuiltwithstonesbyhisfather____hespenthischildhood.A.whichthatB.thatwhereC.whichwhichD.wherethat析:分析句子结构可知,本句的主句为强调句型,第一空应由关系代词引导定语从句修饰先行词house。故本题选A。例2.Themeetingwasputoff,____wasexactly____wewanted.A.B.C.D.析:由题意可知,第一空应由关系代词which引导非限制性定语从句,第二空应由what引导表语从句。故本题选C。非谓语动词用法对比知识要点:1、动名词做主语往往表示普通的、一般的行为,不定式做主语常表示某次具体的行为。例如:Collectinginformationaboutchildren’shealthishisjob.收集有关儿童健康的信息是他的工作。It’snecessarytodiscusstheproblemwithanexperiencedteacher.与一位有经验的老师讨论这个问题是有必要的。2、常用不定式做主语的句型有:(1)It’sdifficult(important,necessary)forsb.todo(2)It’skind(good,friendly,polite,careless,rude,cruel,clever,foolish,brave)ofsb.todo.3、常用动名词做主语的句型有:It’snogood(use,fun)doing.It’s(a)wasteoftime(one’s)doing.It’sworthwhiledoing.4、动名词作need,want,require,beworth的宾语时,用主动式代替被动式。Thewashing-machineneedsrepairing.(或用:needstoberepaired)这台洗衣机需要修理。Thepointwantsreferringto.这一点要提到。ThisEnglishnovelisworthreading.这本英文小说值得一读。ThesituationinRussianrequiredstudying.俄国形式需要研究。5、有些动词后面既可跟动词不定式,又可跟动名词作宾语,注意它们的不同意思。do
本文标题:定语从句与非谓语动词
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