2008浙大考博英语部分试题

08考博英语阅读第一篇文章出处在网上收到了一篇文章，其中红色部分我敢断定就是考卷上的内容，其他部分有点忘记了，但似很熟悉：!n;v2nThereareavarietyofwaystothinkabouttheself.Twoofthemostwidelyusedtermsareself-conceptandself-esteem.Self-conceptgenerallyreferstothetotalityofacomplex,organized,anddynamicsystemoflearnedbeliefs,attitudesandopinionsthateachpersonholdstobetrueabouthisorherpersonalexistence(Purkey,1988).!q'O(@(a,\f)s;fSelf-esteemgenerallyreferstohowwefeelaboutorhowwevalueourselves.Self-conceptcanalsorefertothegeneralideawehaveofourselvesandself-esteemcanrefertoparticularmeasuresaboutcomponentsofself-concept.Someauthorsevenusethetwotermsinterchangeably./X4R.L#R7P!L;`$n+L6tFranken(1994)statesthat考博论坛:最早最大的中文考博论坛,kaobo.cn,kaobo.org#Q+m/d6?,zthereisagreatdealofresearchwhichshowsthattheself-conceptis,perhaps,thebasisforallmotivatedbehavior.Itistheself-conceptthatgivesrisetopossibleselves,anditispossibleselvesthatcreatethemotivationforbehavior(p.443).考博论坛:最早最大的中文考博论坛,kaobo.cn,kaobo.org6^{8^9n1a7u1DFranken(1994)suggeststhatself-conceptisrelatedtoself-esteeminthat7xz'\3NL&P4FR4R0T8c考博论坛:最早最大的中文考博论坛,kaobo.cn,kaobo.org1U3t&q4I!~g*y6bpeoplewhohavegoodself-esteemhaveaclearlydifferentiatedself-concept....Whenpeopleknowthemselvestheycanmaximizeoutcomesbecausetheyknowwhattheycanandcannotdo(p.439).考博论坛:最早最大的中文考博论坛,kaobo.cn,kaobo.org3D/R,I8e:]0_{;Z*F6WItwouldseem,then,thatonewaytoimpactself-esteemistoobeythesomewhatoutwornclicheofKnowthyself.Wedevelopandmaintainourself-conceptthroughtheprocessoftakingactionandthenreflectingonwhatwehavedoneandwhatotherstellusaboutwhatwehavedone.Wereflectonwhatwehavedoneandcandoincomparisontoourexpectationsandtheexpectationsofothersandtothecharacteristicsandaccomplishmentsofothers(James,1890;Brigham,1986).Thatis,self-conceptisnotinnate,butisdevelopedbytheindividualthroughinteractionwiththeenvironmentandreflectingonthatinteraction.Thisdynamicaspectofself-concept(and,bycorollary,self-esteem)isimportantbecauseitindicatesthatitcanbemodifiedorchanged.Franken(1994)states}-U#t考博论坛:最早最大的中文考博论坛,kaobo.cn,kaobo.org-E&~!B;i7u,T2j0Mthereisagrowingbodyofresearchwhichindicatesthatitispossibletochangetheself-concept.Self-changeisnotsomethingthatpeoplecanwillbutratheritdependsontheprocessofself-reflection.Throughself-reflection,peopleoftencometoviewthemselvesinanew,morepowerfulway,anditisthroughthisnew,morepowerfulwayofviewingtheselfthatpeoplecandeveloppossibleselves(p.443).Thereareaseveraldifferentcomponentsofself-concept:physical,academic,social,andtranspersonal.Thephysicalaspectofself-conceptrelatestothatwhichisconcrete:whatwelooklike,oursex,height,weight,etc.;whatkindofclotheswewear;whatkindofcarwedrive;whatkindofhomewelivein;andsoforth.Ouracademicself-conceptrelatestohowwellwedoinschoolorhowwellwelearn.Therearetwolevels:ageneralacademicself-conceptofhowgoodweareoverallandasetofspecificcontent-relatedself-conceptsthatdescribehowgoodweareinmath,science,languagearts,socialscience,etc.Thesocialself-conceptdescribeshowwerelatetootherpeopleandthetranspersonalself-conceptdescribeshowwerelatetothesupernaturalorunknowns.$`;^4cm)\l,E8{;D%|`,C1a;H$Q(wMarsh(1992)showedthattherelationshipofself-concepttoschoolachievementisveryspecific.Generalself-conceptandnon-academicaspectsofself-conceptarenotrelatedtoacademicwork;generalacademicachievementmeasuresarerelatedmoderatelytoacademicsuccess.Specificmeasuresofsubject-relatedself-conceptsarehighlyrelatedtosuccessinthatcontentarea.'r3v+m4E:EUsinglineardiscriminantanalysis,Byrne(1990)showedthatacademicself-conceptwasmoreeffectivethanwasacademicachievementindifferentiatingbetweenlow-trackandhigh-trackstudents.Hamachek(1995)alsoassertsthatself-conceptandschoolachievementandschoolachievementarerelated.Themajorissueisthedirectionoftherelationship:doesself-conceptproduceachievementordoesachievementproduceself-concept.GageandBerliner(1992)state)y!u't5i1e&A(g;{#Etheevidenceisaccumulating,however,toindicatethatlevelofschoolsuccess,particularlyovermanyyears,predictslevelofregardofselfandone'sownability(Bridgeman&Shipman,1978;Kifer,1975);whereaslevelofself-esteemdoesnotpredictlevelofschoolachievement.Theimplicationisthatteachersneedtoconcentrateontheacademicsuccessesandfailuresoftheirstudents.Itisthestudent'shistoryofsuccessandfailurethatgivesthemtheinformationwithwhichtoassessthemselves(p.159).考博论坛'M+},v#|)a&S1eIfacademicachievementleadstoself-concept/self-esteem,butself-conceptisabetterpredictorofbeingalow-trackorhigh-trackstudent,itwouldappearthatthereissomeinterveningvariable.James(1890)statesthattheinterveningvariableispersonalexpectations.Hisformulais:*`'L$aW9\e;^+r3X&g考博论坛%^9K-q#^$c'^9C0I:WSelf-esteem=Success/Pretensions.&I!Y!EP.?Thatis,increasingself-esteemresultswhensuccessisimprovedrelativetoexpectations.Aninterestingcorollarytothisequationisthatsuccessislimitedbyexpectationsandself-esteem:考博论坛.l8~*Y7g2A.d!F考博,考博网,考博论坛,考博英语,考博试题,考博试卷,考博辅导,kaobo.cn,kaobo.org3p4d-s2n#\1Q'R;JSuccess=Pretensions*Self-esteem.(L:j/nl$f-A-C*VThisequationstatesthatsuccess,especiallythelimitsofone'ss