文体学GraphologicalStyle

GraphologicalStyleMarkersGraphology（笔迹，语相）referstotheshapeorsizeofthesymbolsusedtoconveymeaning.Variousaspectsofdesigningraphology(e.g.punctuation,capitalization,spelling,paragraphing)areresourceswhichcanbeutilizedforcommunicativepurpose.•Andinextremecases,theshapeofthetextandthesymbolsofthedifferentlinguisticlevelsareevenessentialfortheinterpretationofthetext.I.Punctuation标点符号都有其常规的,无标记的用法。偏离这些常规,以及某种符号的高频率出现,都可在适当的情景语境中取得特殊的文体效应。Exclamation1.Avocativeusedwithanexclamationmarkrepresentsurgentwarningorcommand.•“Nicholas!”saidhisunclesharply.•“Nicholas,”saidhismothersoftly.2.Anexclamationmarkendinganimperativesentenceaddstotheperemptoryorurgnentforceofacommand.•Shutthedoor!3.Thecombinationofquestionandexclamationmarksspecifiesthewriter’sdoubtorsurpriseaboutcertainlanguageitems.What?!HesaidIwashisbest(?!)friend.4.Excessiveuseofexclamationmarksisoftenconsideredasasignoffrivolousandimmaturewriting;Theuseofmorethanoneexclamationmarkisafeatureofveryinformalwriting.Dash1.Dashisconsideredamarkofinformalwriting.Itmayindicateasuddenbreakorinterruption.•“Nohedidn’t,AuntMollie.Itwasn’tMrEdmond.Mr.Edmonddidn’t–-”•2.Dashescanbeusedtomarkoffaparenthesis.Theytendtogiveasomewhatmoredramaticandinformalimpression.“Letussay“goodnight”,myfineboy,saidthegentleman,whenhehadbenthishead—Isawhim!Overmymother’slittleglove(DavidCopperfield,Murdstone)Quotation•Toindicatetheauthenticityofthequotedwords.•Todirectthereader’sattentiontothequotedwords.•Inmarringthegirlheworried“abitmorethanhecouldchew”.•Toenclosewordsusedinspecialsensesorborrowedfromothercontexts.•Toenclosewordsthatthewriterconsidersinappropriateoruntrue.Another“Livelihoodproject”Example:How,is,my,lit,tle,friend?How,is,my,lit,tle,friend?--CharlesDickensDombeyandSonCommasarerepeatedlyusedheretoimitatetherhythmofaclock.•Icame,Isaw,Iconquered.---Juliascaesar凯撒用这种手段来炫耀他可以不费吹灰之力就可以征服对手的能力。这种形式一方面使阅读时间变短,停顿变得简短有力使各句之间的意义联系密切,减少了三个过程之间的时间差;另一方面,这一手段特别强调了最后一个过程。用逗号来连接came,saw,conquered三个过程,从而在语法上给三者相同的地位。因此,“征服对手”所需时间与“来”和“看”所需时间一样长,从而强调了“征服”这一过程的迅速,使凯撒的傲慢之情味跃然纸上。…thefirstcarintownagirlGirlthat’swhatJasoncouldn’tbearsmellofgasolinemakinghimsickthengotmadderthaneverbecauseagirlGirlhadnosisterbutBenjaminBenjaminthechildofmysorrowfulifI’djusthadamothersoIcouldsayMotherMother…--Willian\mFaulknerTheSoundandtheFuryThisisaparagraphdescribingQuentin’spsychologybeforehecommitsuicide.Theabsenceofpunctuationrevealshisillogical,irrational,crazythoughtsatthemoment.(2)Layout(Shapeofatext)Theshapeofatextcanbedesignedinanunconventionalwaysothatitmaybesuggestiveofacertainliterarytheme.L(aLeAfFaLls)oneliness(E.E.Cummings)•e.e.cummings的这首诗l(a,通过语言变异的现象,来达到突出的目的,给读者留下了过目不忘的印象。诗人把诗歌看作一种可视艺术,通过独特的排版方法,把单个的词在视觉上的美表现的淋漓尽致。他的诗歌给读者美的享受,同时也留给读者许多遐想的空间。•这首怪异的l(a从视觉上给了我们强烈的冲击。aleaffalls/lonelinessl(a里的l恰恰是树干的形状，代表一棵树，随后用拆分单词的形式呈垂直状态落下，刚刚像是树叶离开树在风中飘零而后无声、孤寂地凋落在离树不远处的地面上。更巧妙的是对单词loneliness的拆分，l/one/iness。一片叶子从树上飘落。从此，离开了树的叶子孤独了，没有了叶子的树也孤独了。[冰山译]•艹（一◇十艹洛）冖卂艹冖卂••译文：茕（一叶落）茕—Thinkyou’reinHeaven?Well—you’llsoonbeinHELL(M.Horovitz)•在这首诗里，诗人就是用一种违反常规的奇特的书写方式来直观地表现入地狱是往下行的。40-LOVERogerMcGough•middleaged•coupleplaying•ten-nis•whenthe•gameends•andthey•gohome•thenet•willstill•bebe-tweenthem40-Love四十岁的爱情RogerMcGough••Middleaged中年•coupleplaying夫妇•tennis打网•whenthe球打•gameends完后•andthey回家•gohome走球•thenet网依•willstill旧把•bebe-人分•tweenthem左右•本首诗运用了语象变异的方法。其一，诗中选的词排成两个竖列，宛如夫妇双方，中间隔了一张网，正在一来一去的击球；其二，诗中选的词基本都是单音节词，读来机械单调，很容易让人联想到这对夫妇枯燥乏味，缺乏情趣的生活；其三，诗中的两个关键词tennis和between被拆开了，分别置于两个竖列中，隐喻两人的感情世界已被一张无形的网隔开，不再融为一体。这些都说明了语象变异在表达主题的重要性，尤其是在诗歌中。•R.Draper,TargetPractice•Thepoemisshapedlikeabull’seyeortargetwithaseriesofconcentriccircles.•Eachcirclefromtheoutsidetotheinsiderepresentsaprogressioninthedegreeofseriousnessofinjury.•UniquenessandoriginalityShelovesmeShelovesmenotShelovesShelovesmeSheShelovesShe——EmmettWillows•Thepoemhasastrippingeffectlikethestrippingawayofdaisy-petals.Eachsubsequentrepetitionofthetwobaselinesofthepoemisdiminishedbyoneword.•Soweseethatourloverbecomesmoreandmoreatalossforwordsandhismistresseventuallyprefersherowncompany.Readdiagonallyfromthebottomleftupwardtotheright,theremainingisolatedwordswillformastatement:Shelovesmenot.