正式和非正式文体FormalandInformalStyles

正式和非正式文体FormalandInformalStylesⅠ.TheMeaningofStyleAlltypesofwriting,likestories,legaldocumentsandpersonalletters,havemuchincommon:theycontainmanyofthecommonwordsusedbypeopleeverywhereandeveryday,observethesamebasicmorphologicalandsyntacticalrules,andfollowthesamecustomofusingpunctuationmarks.Inotherwords,nowriting,orspeech,forthatmatter,canbedonewithoutusingthecommoncoreoftheEnglishlanguage.However,therearealsodifferencesbetweendifferenttypesofwriting.Inapersonalletter,forinstance,sentencesareusuallyshortandsimple,evenincomplete,andmostwordsarethoseusedindailyconversation,easyandevenslangy.Inalegaldocument,ontheotherhand,mostsentencesarelongandinvolved,andmany,ifnotmost,ofthewordsarepolysyllabic,withspecialtermsdifficultforordinarypeopletounderstand.Specialfeaturesliketheseinlanguageareamatterofstyle.Thewordstylehasseveralsenses:itmayrefertoawriter'shabitualorpeculiarwayofusinglanguage,ortheprevalentfeaturesofthelanguageofacertainperiod,orthecharacteristicaspectsofthelanguageofacertaintypeofwriting.Itmayalsomeangraceoreleganceinwriting,asinHehasnostyle.Ⅱ.FormalandInformalStyles阅读下面的文章，找出其文体特点：Futureshock-thediseaseofchange-canbeprevented.Butitwilltakedrasticsocial,evenpoliticalaction.Nomatterhowindividualstrytopacetheirlives,nomatterwhatpsychiccrutchesweofferthem,nomatterhowwealtereducation,thesocietyasawholewillstillbecaughtonarunawaytreadmilluntilwecapturecontroloftheaccelerativethrustitself.Thehighvelocityofchangecanbetracedtomanyfactors.Populationgrowth,urbanization,theshiftingproportionsofyoungandold-allplaytheirpart.Yettechnologicaladvanceisclearlyacriticalnodeinthenetworkofcauses;indeed,itmaybethenodethatactivatestheentirenet.Onepowerfulstrategyinthebattletopreventmassfutureshock,therefore,involvestheconsciousregulationoftechnologicaladvance.-AlvinToffler长句longsentences平行结构parallelconstructions插入语parentheticalremark从句clauses被动语态passivevoice抽象意思的词语：wordsandphraseshaveabstractmeanings比喻Metaphors阅读下面的文章，找出其文体特点：Itwassixo'clockwhenIlefttheschoolhouse.Ihadsixmilestowalkhome.ItwouldbeaftersevenwhenIgothome.IhadallmyworktodowhenIgothome.IttookPaandmebothtodothework.Sevencowstomilk.Nineteenheadofcattletofeed,fourmules,twenty-fivehogs,firewoodandstovewoodtocut,andwatertodrawfromthewell.HewouldbedoingitwhenIgothome.Hewouldbemadandwonderingwhatwaskeepingme!Ihurriedhome.Iwouldrununderthedark,leaflesstrees.Iwouldwalkfastuphill.Iwouldrundownthehill.Thegroundwasfreezing.Ihadtohurry.Ihadtorun.Ireachedthelongridgethatledtoourcowpasture.Iranalonghisridge.Thewinddriedthesweatonmyface.Iranacrossthepasturetothehouse.-JesseStuart简单句简短从句不完整句主动语态日常用语正式文体和非正式文体的差别1.语法方面1）缩约词：一般用于非正式文体don't,mustn't,he's,I've,etc.,正式文体中字母写全：donot,mustnot,etc.2）泛指的不定代词you常用于非正式文体，而正式文体用oneYouneverknowwhatnewmeasuresthePresidentwilltake.OneneverknowswhatnewmeasuresthePresidentwilltake.3）非正式文体中，who可以代替whom在疑问词中作宾语，宾格代词可以充当被省略的动词的主语：Whodidyouseeinthatroom?(informal)Whomdidyouseeinthatroom?(Formal)Whoisthesecretarytalkingwith?(informal)Withwhomisthesecretarytalking?(Formal)WangcanspeakFrenchmorefluentlythanme.(informal)WangcanspeakFrenchmorefluentlythanI.(Formal)4)非正式文体中，介词可以放在定语从句、wh-疑问句或感叹词的句末：IknowthegirlwhotheSecretaryistalkingwith.Whichhotelishestayingat?Whatadifficultsituationhe’sin!5）非正式文体中宾语从句前的that常省去：Shesaid(that)shewouldcome.Hetoldme(that)helikedthehouse.Ithink(that)it'sagoodidea.6）非正式文体中，they可以指代everyone,everybody,someone,somebody,anyone,anybody,noone,nobody,e.g.Haseveryonefinisheddoingtheirexercises?Haseveryonefinisheddoinghisorherexercises?(Formal)Anyonecantakeabrochureiftheywantit.Anyonecantakeabrochureifheorshewantsit.(Formal)7）非正式文体中，虚拟语气的句子主语是I，he，she,it等词，可用was代替were：Theoldladytreatedhimasifhewasherownson.Iwishhewasherewithus.8）非正式文体中，常用省略疑问句和缩略分句：Whatfor?Wantadrink?Shecameyesterday.9)分词短语和无动词分句一般用于正式文体：Havingbeenwarnedoftheimpendingstorm,thecaptaindecidedtoputoffthevoyage.Whenthecaptainheardastormwascoming,hedecidedtoputoffthevoyage.(Lessformal)Badlydefeatedinthematch,theteamreturnedinlowspirits.Theteamwasbadlydefeatedinthematch,andtheyreturnedinlowspirits.(Lessformal)Shedecidedtogohomeatonce,knowingthathermotherwasanxiouslywaitingforher.Shedecidedtogohomeatonce.Sheknewhermotherwasanxiouslywaitingforher.(Lessformal)10）独立主格结构一般用于正式文体：Theweatherbeingfine,alargenumberofpeoplewenttoclimbtheWesternHills.Astheweatherwasfine,alargenumberofpeoplewenttoclimbtheWesternHills.(Lessformal)Africaisthesecondlargestcontinent,itssizebeingaboutthreetimesthatofChina.Africaisthesecondlargestcontinent.ItisaboutthreetimesaslargeasChina.(Lessformal)11)作定语或状语的短语，放在主语前可使句子显得正式Afamousprofessorofbiology,Dr.Joneswasthenewpresidenttheuniversity.Eagertofinishthework,hecontinuedtodoituntilmidnight.12）插入语使句子显得正式：Thisvillagehasbuilt,inlessthantenyears,severalsmallfactoriesthatbringinmoreincomethanthefarmproduceeveryyear.Heshavedveryslowlyandcarefully,aswashiscustom,infrontofthemirrorabovethesink.Allthepeoplepresent-ChairmanSmith,ProfessorsBrown,JamesandWilliams,andthesecretary-supportedthemotion.13）一系列名词、动词或形容词可使句子显得正式：Hisangerpreventedhimfromdoing,saying,andli