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Unit2HeatTreatmentofMetals金属的热处理NewWords:1.embracevt.接受,信奉2.metallurgyn.冶金术,冶金学3.extractionn.抽出物,采出物4.abrasionn.磨损,擦伤5.interiora.内的,内部的6.molybdenumn.钼7.tungstenn.钨8.vanadiumn.钒9.simplifyvt.简化,精简10.diagramn.图表,简图11.eutectoidn.共析的a.共析体12.transitionn.转变,变迁13.decompositionn.〈化〉分解14.austeniten.〈冶〉奥氏体15.ferriten.〈冶〉铁素体16.solubilityn.溶解度,溶解性17.cementiten.〈冶〉渗碳体18.intermetallica.金属间化合的19.polishvt.磨光,抛光20.etchingn.蚀刻,浸蚀21.nitrica.(含)氮的nitricacid硝酸22.lamellara.片状的,层状的23.hypoeutectoida.〈冶〉亚共析的24.pearliten.〈冶〉珠光体25.equilibriumn.平衡26.reversevt.颠倒,使变得相反27.preliminarya.预备的,初步的28.exteriora.外部的29.interiora.内部的30.eliminatevt.消除31.warpvt.使翘起,弄弯32.hardenabilityn.淬透性,淬硬性33.appreciablea.可看到(或感觉到)的34.annealvt.〈冶〉退火35.brinen.盐水,海水36.martensiten.冶〉马氏体37.constituenta.组成的,形成的38.precipitationn.〈化〉沉淀作用39.agglomerationn.〈化〉附聚作用40.coalescencen.〈化〉聚结41.substantiala.物质的,实际上的42.refinev.精炼,精制43.crystallinea.结晶的44.relievev.减轻,(使)解除45.readilyad.容易地46.uniformityn.一致性,均匀性47.normalizingn.正火,常化48.spheroidizingn.球化处理49.carburizingn.渗碳处理50.affinityn.共鸣,吸引51.diffusea.散开的,扩散的52.carbonaceousa.碳质的,含碳的53.charcoaln.木炭54.coken.焦炭55.coren.芯子,铁心56.cyaniden.〈化〉氰化物57.nicarbingn.气体表面硬化法(碳氮共渗)58.ammonian.〈化〉氨59.immersevt.沉浸60.fuseda.熔化的61.sodiumn.〈化〉钠62.nitriden.〈化〉氮化物63.sprayn.浪花,飞沫64.alkalin.〈化〉碱Theunderstandingofheattreatmentisembracedbythebroaderstudyofmetallurgy.对冶金学加以广泛研究已使人们对热处理加深了理解。Metallurgyisthephysics,chemistryandengineeringrelatedtometalsfromoneextractiontothefinalproduct.冶金学是物理、化学及与从采矿冶炼到最终产品的金属相关的工程学。Accordingtotheprocedureused,steelcanbehardenedtoresistcuttingactionandabrasion,oritcanbesoftenedtopermitmachining.根据工艺规程,可使钢硬化以抵抗切削作用和耐磨损,或使之变软,以便于切削加工。Withtheproperheattreatmentinternalstressesmayberemoved,grainsizereduced,toughnessincreased,orahardsurfacedproducedonaductileinterior.采用合适的热处理,可以消除零件的内应力,细化晶粒,增加韧性,或使材料表面坚硬而内部产生塑性。Thekeytransitiondescribedinthisdiagramisthedecompositionofsingle—phaseaustenitetothetwo—phaseferritepluscarbidestructureastemperaturedrops.此图中描述的主要转变是当温度下降时,单相奥氏体分解为两相铁素体加碳化物结构。Controlofthisreaction,whicharisesduetothedrasticallydifferentcarbonsolubilitiesofausteniteandferrite,enablesawiderangeofpropertiestobeachievedthroughheattreatment.由于碳在奥氏体和铁素体中的溶解度差异很大而产生这种转变,控制这种转变,通过热处理,就可能获得较大范围的性能。Specimentspreparedbypolishingandetchinginaweaksolutionofnitricacidandalcoholrevealthelamellarstructureofalternatingplatesthatformsonslowcooling.准备试样的方法是先将试样抛光,然后用稀硝酸和酒精溶液浸蚀,使之显示出交变板层状结构,这是在缓慢冷却过程中形成的.weaksolutionofnitricacidandalcohol稀硝酸和酒精溶液thelamellarstructureofalternatingplates交变板层状结构Hypereutectoidsteelsaresteelsthatcontaingreaterthantheeutectoidamountofcarbon.过共析钢是含有高于共析钢含碳量的钢。proeutectoidn.先共析体eutectoida.共析的n.共析体hypoeutectoidsteel亚共析钢hypereutectoidsteel过共析钢Asbefore,anyremainingaustenitetransformstopearliteuponslowcoolingthroughthistemperature.如上所述,在此温度任何残留的奥氏体都会通过缓慢冷却转变成为珠光体。Itshouldberememberedthatthetransitionsthathavebeendescribedbythephasediagramsareforequilibriumconditions,whichcanbeapproximatedbyslowcooling.应当记住状态图所描述的这种转变是处于平衡状态的,通过缓慢冷却才能接近这个状态。However,whenalloysarecoolingrapidly,entirelydifferentresultsmaybeobtained,becausesufficienttimeisnotprovidedforthenormalphasereactionstooccur.然而,当合金快速冷却时,由于不再对正常相变提供充足的时间,就可能得到完全不同的结果。phasereactions相变Hardening淬火Hardeningistheprocessofheatingapieceofsteeltoatemperaturewithinoraboveitscriticalrangeandthencoolingitrapidly.淬火是将钢加热到临界温度范围之内或以上的某一温度,然后快速冷却的工艺过程。Ifthecarboncontentofthesteelsknown,thepropertemperaturetowhichthesteelshouldbeheatedmaybeobtainedbyreferencetotheiron-ironcarbidephasediagram.如果已知钢的含碳量,钢应当加热的合适温度就可通过参考铁-铁碳合金状态图查到。However,ifthecompositionofthesteelisunknown,alittlepreliminaryexperimentationmaybenecessarytodeterminetherange.然而,如果不知道钢的成分,为了决定其温度范围,有必要做一些初步试验。Agoodproceduretofollowistoheat-quenchanumberofsmallspecimentsofthesteelatvarioustemperaturesandobservetheresults,eitherbyhardnesstestingorbymicroscopicexamination.以下提及的好方法之一是在各种温度下加热淬冷一些小的钢试件,既可用硬度试验也可用金相检查观察其结果。hardnesstesting硬度试验Evenafterthecorrecttemperaturehasbeenreached,thepieceshouldbeheldatthattemperatureforasufficientperiodoftimetopermititsthickestsectiontoattainauniformtemperature.甚至在达到了正确的温度之后,工件也应在此温度保温有效的时间,以使其最厚的截面获得均匀一致的温度。Thehardnessobtainedfromagiventreatmentdependsonthequenchingrate,thecarboncontent,andtheworksize.从给定的热处理工艺中获得的硬度取决于淬火速率、含碳量和工件尺寸。Inalloysteelsthekindandamountofalloyingelementinfluencesonlythehardenability(theabilityoftheworkpiecetobehardenedtodepths)ofthesteelanddoesnotaffectthehardnessexceptinunhardenedorpartiallyhardenedsteels.在合金钢中,除了非淬硬钢和局部淬硬钢之外,合金元素的种类和数量仅仅影响钢的淬透性(工件可淬硬的深度),而不影响硬度。hardenability淬透性unhardenedsteels非淬硬钢partiallyhardenedsteels局部淬硬钢Tempering回火Bytemperingordrawing,thehardnessandbrittlenessmaybereducedtothedesiredpointforserviceconditions.通过回火,可以降低硬度和脆性,满足使用要求。drawingn.回火Althoughthisprocesssoftenssteel,itdiffersconsiderablyfromannealinginthattheprocesslendsitselftoclosecontrolofthephysicalpropertiesandinmostcasesdoesnotsoftenthesteeltotheextentthatannealingwould.尽管回火工艺使钢变软,但它与退火有很大不同,回火工艺适用于完全控制钢的物理性能,在大多数情况下,钢不会软化到退火所达到的程度。Thefinalstructureobtainedfromtemperingafullyhard
本文标题:机械工程英语(Part1Unit 2 )
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