2005年四川大学考博英语题

四川大学2005年博士研究生入学英语考试题Passage1Asthehorizonsofsciencehaveexpanded,twomaingroupsofscientistshaveemerged.Oneisthepurescientist;theother,theappliedscientist.Thepureortheoreticalscientistdoesoriginalresearchinordertounderstandthebasiclawsofnaturethatgovernourworld.Theappliedscientistadaptsthisknowledgetopracticalproblems.Neitherismoreimportantthantheother,however,forthetwogroupsareverymuchrelated.Sometimes,however,theappliedscientistfindstheproblemforthetheoreticalscientisttoworkon.Let'stakeaparticularproblemoftheaircraftindustry:heat-resistantmetals.Manyofthemetalsandalloyswhichperformsatisfactorilyinacarcannotbeusedinajet-propelledplane.Newalloysmustbeused,becausethejetengineoperatesatamuchhighertemperaturethananautomobileengine.Theturbinewheelinaturbojetmustwithstandtemperaturesashighas1,600degreesFahrenheit,soaircraftdesignershadtoturntotheresearchmetallurgistforthedevelopmentofmetalsandalloysthatwoulddothejobinjet-propelledplanes.Dividingscientistsintotwogroupsisonlyonebroadwayofclassifyingthem,however.Whenscientificknowledgewasverylimited,therewasnoneedformentospecialize.Today,withthegreatbodyofscientificknowledge,scientistsspecializeinmanydifferentfields.Withineachfield,thereisevenfurthersubdivision.And,withfinerandfinersubdivisions,thevariousscienceshavebecomemoreandmoreinterrelateduntilnoonebranchisentirelyindependentofthe'others.Manynewspecialties--geophysicsandbiochemistry,forexample--haveresultedfromcombiningtheknowledgeoftwoormoresciences.1.Theappliedscientist______.A.isnotalwaysinterestedinpracticalproblemsB.providesthebasicknowledgeforpracticeC.appliestheresultsofresearchtopracticeD.doesoriginalresearchtounderstandthebasiclawsofnature2.Theexamplegiveninthepassageillustrateshow___.A.purescienceoperatesindependentlyofappliedscienceB.theappliedscientistdiscoversthebasiclawsofnatureC.appliedsciencedefinesalltheareasinwhichbasicresearchisdoneD.appliedsciencesuggestsproblemsforthebasicscientist3.Theproblemdiscussedinthesecondparagraphcalledfor____.A.selectingthebesthear-resistantmetalfromexistingmetalsB.developingaturbinewheelcapableofgeneratingheatupto1,600degreesFahrenheitC.developingmetalsandalloysthatwouldwithstandterrifictemperaturesD.causingthejetenginetooperateathighertemperatures4.Finermadfinersubdivisioninthefieldofsciencehasresultedin_____.A.greaterindependenceofeachscienceB.greaterinterdependenceofallthevarioussciencesC.theeradicationoftheneedforspecialistsD.theneedforonlyonclassificationofscientists5.Thehorizonsofsciencehaveexpandedmeansthat____.A.thehorizonchangesitssizefromyeartoyearB.sciencehasdevelopedmorefieldsofendeavorC.scientistshavemadegreatprogressinstudyingthehorizonD.scientistscanseefurtheroutintospacechowPassage2InTheDisunitingofAmerica:ReflectionsonaMulticulturalSociety,RevisedandEnlargedEdition(W.W.Norton)SchlesingerprovidesdeepinsightsintothecrisesofnationhoodinAmerica.AnewchapterassessestheimpactbothofradicalmulticulturalismandradicalmonoculturalismontheBillofrights.Writtenwithhisusualclarityandforce,thebookbringsanotedhistorian'swisdomandperspectivetobearonAmerica'sculturewars.Schlesingeraddressesthequestions:Whatholdsanationtogether?AndwhatdoesitmeantobeanAmerican?Describingtheemergingcultofethnicity,Schlesingerpraisesitshealthyeffectonanationlongshamedbyahistoryofprejudiceandnarrow-mindedness.Buthewarnsagainstthecampaignofmulticulturaladvocatestodividethenationintoseparateethnicandracialcommunities.Fromthestart,heobserves,theUnitedStateshasbeenamulticulturalnation,richinitsdiversitybutheldtogetherbyasharedcommitmenttothedemocraticprocessandbythefreedomofintermarriage.ItwasthisnationaltalentforassimilationthatimpressedforeignvisitorslikeAlexisdeTocquevilleandJamesBryce,anditisthishistoricgoalthatSchlesingerchampionsasthebesthopeforthefuture.Schlesingeranalyzeswhatheseesasgrimconsequencesofidentitypolitics:thewideningofdifferences.AttacksontheFirstAmendment,heargues,threatenintellectualfreedomand,ultimately,thefutureoftheethnicgroups.Hiscriticismsarenotlimitedtotheleft.AsaformertargetofMcCarthyism,heunderstandsthattheradicalrightisevenmorewillingthantheradicallefttorestrictandweakentheBillofRights.Theauthordoesnotminimizetheinjusticesconcealedbythemeltingpotdream.TheDisunitingofAmericaisbothacademicandpersonal,forcefulinargument,balancedinjudgment.Itisabookthatwillnodoubtangersomereaders,butitwillsurelymakeallofthemthinkagain.ThewinnerofPulitzerPrizesforhistoryandforbiography,anauthoritativevoiceofAmericanliberalism,Schlesingerisuniquelypositionedtobringboldanswersandhealingwisdomtothispassionatedebateoverwhoweareandwhatweshouldbecome.6.AccordingtoSchlesinger,theUnitedStatesis_____.A.ameltingpotB.anationwithdiverseculturesheldtogetherbythedemocraticprocessC.afederationofethnicandracialcommunitiesD.anationwithvariousethnicandracialgroups7.WecaninferfromthepassagethatSchlesinger______.A.advocatestheassimilationofdifferentculturesintoonenationhoodB.prefersmulticulturalismtomonoculturalismC.givesfullsupporttotheemergingcultofethnicityD.holdsthateachracialgroupshouldkeepitsdistin