西方戏剧漫谈

AGlimpseofWesternDrama2009.10.23I.TheoriginofwesterndramaII.GreekdramaIII.Types(Subgenres)ofdramaIV.ThetraditionofShakespeare’stragedyI.Theoriginofwesterndramai.Theoriginofdrama:Thereligiousceremonials：Thedesiretoimitate(mimeticinstinct)ThedesiretoworshipCeremonials:Prayer,song,dancingDrama:action(ClassicalGreek:δρᾶμα,dráma)ii.OriginofGreekdrama:a.Dionysus(狄俄尼索斯)Thegodoffertility,regenerationandwine.ThreefestivalsdedicatedtoDionysusorBacchustragedy:ritesaboutlifeanddeathcomedy:ritesaboutfertilityb.GodessesofMuse:Greekmythology缪斯文艺女神Thalia(塔利亚):Museofcomedy(thelaughingface)喜剧女神Melpomene(墨尔波墨):Museoftragedy(theweepingface)悲剧女神MuseofComedyMelpomeneII.GreekdramaAtheatricalculturethatflourishedinancientGreeceTime:Betweenc.550andc.220BC.Centre:Thecity-stateofAthens,whichbecameasignificantcultural,politicalandmilitarypowerduringthisperiodImpact:WesterntheatreoriginatesinAthensanditsdramahashadasignificantandsustainedimpactonWesterncultureasawhole.ThreeImportantAncientGreektragedyplaywrights:Aeschylus（525-456BC）（埃斯库罗斯）Sophocles（496？-406BC）（索福克勒斯）Eurrpides（485-406BC）（欧里庇得斯）Aeschylus（埃斯库罗斯）（525-456BC）“Thefatheroftragedy”“PrometheusBound”《被束缚的普罗米修斯》ATitanwhowaspunishedbythegodZeusforgivingfiretomankind.Sophocles索福克勒斯（496？-406BC）“Homerindramaticarts”“Oedipus”《俄狄浦斯王》Sphinx’sRiddle斯芬克斯之谜Whatgoesonfourlegsinthemorning,ontwolegsatnoon,andonthreelegsintheevening?OedipusComplex俄狄浦斯情结Euripides（欧里庇得斯）（485-406BC）Thefatherofthepsychologicaldrama“Medea”《美狄亚》Medea:daughterofKingAeëtesofColchisJason:theherowhogainedtheGoldenFleecewiththehelpofMedeaFrailty,thynameiswoman!III.TypesofdramaTypes:Subgenres次文类Tragedy,comedy,melodrama,tragicomedyTragicomedy（悲喜剧/传奇剧/英雄正剧）tragedy+comedy;seriousplay+happyending;serioustopic+lightmoodFromShakespeare'stimetothenineteenthcentury,tragicomedyreferredtoaseriousplaywitheitherahappyendingorenoughjokesthroughouttheplaytolightenthemood.FourtragicomediesofShakespeare:Pericles《泰尔亲王佩利克斯》Cymbeline《辛白林》TheWinter’sTale《冬天的故事》TheTempest《暴风雨》Melodrama(音乐剧，情节剧):InGreekdrama:song-drama,withmusicalbackgroundIn18thcentury:J.J.Rousseau,andW.A.MozartIV.ThetraditionofShakespeare’stragedy1.ThetraditionofAristotle2.ThetraditionofSenecaAristotle(384BC–322BC)adetailofTheSchoolofAthens,afresco(壁画)byRaphael.gesturetotheearth,showingbeliefinknowledgethroughempiricalobservationandexperiencegesturetotheheavens,representinghisbeliefinTheFormsAristotle’sdefinition(inhis“Poetics”in4thcenturyB.C.):Theimitationofanactionthatisseriousandcompleteandofacertainmagnitudeachievingacatharsis(陶冶，净洗，宣泄)(purification)throughincidentsarousingpityandfear.Whatismeantbythedefinition?ItsetsthebasefortheRenaissancedrama:Structure:plot,character(性格或人物)thought,diction(言词),spectacles(形象场面)andsong.Purpose/Function:catharsis:tragicreleaseandpleasureMeans:pityandfear(DifferentfromtraditionalChinesetragedies)peripertia突转Plotactionrecognition发现peripertia:Thereversalofone’sfortunefromfavorabletounfavorable,orviceversarecognition/discovery/anagnorisis:Thediscoveryofthetruestateofaffairsbytheprotagonistwhohaspreviouslybeeninerrororignorance.TheclassicinstanceisOedipus’srecognitionthathehimselfhaskilledhisfatherLaiosandmarriedhismotherIokaste.Seneca(4BC-65AD)His9playswerebasedonGreekdrama(especiallythatofEuripides)andfurtheradaptedbyplaywrightsoftheItalian,FrenchandEnglishRenaissance.Theplotincludesviolence,theactionsoftyrants,madness,ghosts,poison,suicide,incestandhorriblecrimes.Horrorsonstageintheirrevengetragedies(or:tragedyofblood)（复仇剧）InfluenceonShakespeare:Hamlet,MacbethConclusionGreekandRomandramaprovidedawideresources,deepinsightandinspirationforShakespeare’sdramaticcreation.ThyNaiadairshavebroughtmehomeTotheglorythatwasGreeceAndthegrandeurthatwasRome.---ToHelenbyEdgarAllanPoe你女神的风姿已招我回乡，回到昨日希腊的光荣，和往昔罗马的盛况。Thankyou!