07年国贸真题

一、名词解释（每小题3分，共12分）1、生产者剩余2、奥肯定律3、显示比较优势4、资本外逃二、判断并说明理由（每小题3分，共12分）1、现在许多国家的高等教育发展中出现了一种现象，即伴随着大学学费的上涨，人们对大学的需求是增加的，这种市场现象被视为需求定理的例外。2、在宏观经济学中，影响一国总需求中的投资概念包括有多种形式，如企业固定资产投资，以及人们对债券、股票的购买等。3、在关税同盟静态效应分析中，只有贸易创造可以产生贸易扩大效应。4、InternationalBankingFacilities作为一家新的机构是美国1981年银行业改革的产物。三、简答题（每题7分，共28分）1、简述一个经济社会通过市场机制实现资源最优配置必须满足的条件。2、简述鲍莫尔-托宾的交易性货币需求模型。3、简析小岛清协议分工的前提条件。4、与其他贸易融资方式比较，简述福费廷业务的优势何在？四、计算分析与论述题（每题12分，共48分）1、2006年度的诺贝尔经济学奖得主费尔普斯认为，在实现长期稳定的经济增长时应该实现一个最大化的稳态消费水平，试问这个稳态消费水平如何确定？并运用经济学理论分析在短期和长期中，储蓄率提高对一国收入水平和收入增长的具体影响。2、某产品生产企业的生产函数是。目前，该企业投入的资本K和劳动力L分别为100和25，这一组合是厂商实现利润最大化时的要素有效组合。请计算：（1）根据上述投入量，资本和劳动的边际产量各为多少？（2）如果资本的价格是20元，那么工资率是多少？（3）如果下一期资本和价格上涨为25元，而劳动力的价格和投入量都不改变，为了保持有效率的生产，资本投入量应是多少？这时的总产量是多少？3、给予H-O定理，试分析一国资源禀赋条件变化对该国产出及对外贸易结构的影响。4、央行副行长吴晓灵坦言，2000年以来，中国外汇储备的余额获得了急剧的增长，到2006年10月底已经突破了1万亿美元。而这1万亿美元对中国的货币政策产生了很大影响。请根据金融学知识分析三大货币政策工具对调节国际收支的作用。五、英译汉（共三段，共50分）1.Unstoppable?(20分)DiplomacyistheartoftheseeminglyIimpossible.Fingerscrossed,thenthatthediplomatictoingAndfroingamongAmerican,Britain,France,Germany,RussiaandChinaoverthecomingweekssucceedsinavoidingthetwobiggestdangersinthegatheringnuclearconfrontationwithIran.Oneisthat,despitecallstodesistfromtheUnitedNationsSecurityCouncils,Irancarriesonitsnuclearexperimentationandgetsitselfabomb.Theotheristhatfailuretostopitinitsnucleartracksbyothermeansleadstomilitaryforcebeingtriedinstead.Steeringclearofboththesepotentialbenefitsofgivingupbothrisingsharply.Yetthediplomatsarestuck,andIranmaymiscalculatethatitcangetawaywithit.WoulditbesodisastrousifIrangotthebomb?Pakistan,IndiaandIsraelallbuilttheirsindefianceoftheanti-nuclearrulesthatothersaccepted(thoughunlikeNorthKoreaandnowIrantheydidnotsigntheNuclear-ProliferationTreat,soneverbrokeitsprovisons).Thecoldwar,too,passedoffwithoutthethreatenednuclearArmageddon.Yetattimesitwasanalarminglyclose-runthing,andeachnewnuclearstatemultipliesthedangers.Allhavefingeredtheirnucleartriggeratonetimeoranother.Iran,hastobesaid,deniesanyinterestinabomb.YetitspenttwodecadesdeceivinginspectorsfromtheInternationalAtomicEnergyAgencyaboutitsenrichmentofuraniumanditsexperimentstoproduceplutonium(bothpotentialbombingredients),antitisstillcoveringup.FeweitherinsideIranoroutsidebelievethatitsnuclearambitionsareentirelypeaceful…asclaimed.Thefearisadoubleone:ofwhataregimelikeIran’smightbetemptedtodowithabomb,andoftheaftershocksanuclear-capableIranmightcause.2.TheProspectsforFreerTrade(20分)Countriesprefertoactindependently;however,theycedeauthorityontradewhentheyperceivecooperationtobeintheirnetinterest.Forexample,countrieshavesurrenderedelementsoftheirsovereigntytothebindingdispute-settlementprovisionsofWTO.Theyhavealsobandedtogetheronothertradeissue,suchasmultilateraltreatiesonivorytradetoprotectelephants.Inanysituation,though,acountryhastheinalienablerighttowithdraw.Atsomepoint,acountrymightwithdrawfromtheWTOratherthanacceptitsreprimandinatradedispute.Suchactioncouldgreatlyhampertradeliberalization,particularlyiftheUnitedStatesortheEUweretowithdraw.Theissueofenvironmentstandardsforproductsandtheirproductiondefyswiftresolution.Countrieswithstrictenvironmentalregulationswillundoubtedlyconsiderassigning“greencountervailingduties”topenalizethosefirmsthatopttooperatewhereregulationsarelax.Producersfacingtheseimportrestrictionsundoubtedlywillclaimthataltruisticenvironmentalstandardsarereallyarusetoprotectinefficientdomesticproducers.Further,governmentsofdevelopingcountriessuspectthatstricterproductstandards,largelyadvocatedbyindustrialcountries,willimposeyetanothernon-tarifftradebarrier.Ultimately,tradepolicydependstoagreatextentonpublicopinion.Groupsthatbelievetheyhavebeenadverselyaffectedbyimports,especiallyifduetounfairpractices,areapttobemorevocalandpersuasiveatshapingpublicopinionthanpeoplewhobenefitfromtrade.Whatismoreworrisome,recentsurveyreportthatamajorityofpeopleintheUnitedStatesfeelthatforeigntradehasbeenbadfortheU.S.economy.Thesesurveysweretakenduringtheboomyearsofthelate1990s.Onedoubtsthattheeconomictrialsoftheearlytwenty-firstcenturyhaveimprovedAmericans’outlooks.Suchnegativesentimentthreatenstoslowforeigntradeliberalization,especiallyinthefaceofaprolongedeconomicdownturn.3.TheInvestmentPortfolio(10分)Nosingleinvestmentinstrumentwillprovideincome,growth,andahighdegreeofsafety.Forthisreason,allinvestors-whetherinstitutionsorindividuals-buildinvestmentportfolio,orcollectionsofvarioustypesofinvestments.Moneymanagersandfinancialadvisersareemployed(1)todeterminewhichinvestmentsshouldbeinaninvestor’sportfolioand(2)tobuyandsellsecuritiesandmaintaintheclient’sportfolio.Amajorconcernforthemisdiversification-reducingtheriskoflossinaclient’stotalportfoliobyinvestingfundsinseveraldifferentsecurities,soalossexperiencedbyanyonewillnotaffecttheentireportfolio.Aportionofaportfoliomightbeininvestment-gradecorporatebonds,andaprotionmightbeincommonstocks.Likewise,owingstockintenlargecorporationsprovidesgreatersafetythroughdiversificationthanowingthestockofonlyonesmalltechnologycompany.Thelossofonestockmightbeoffsetbyoneormoreotherstocks.Aportfolio