Field Research(质化田野研究,田野调查)

1FieldResearch(質化田野研究、田野調查)SocialResearchMethods2113&6501Spring,2006April3-24,20062(Qualitative)FieldResearch(Ethnography,Participantobservation)(民族誌、參與觀察)•producequalitative(non-numerical)data•veryoldandverynewinsocialscience•directandface-to-facesocialinteractionwith“realpeople”inanaturalsetting(自然情境下的與人面對面的社會交流)•Interestingbutcouldbetimeconsuming,emotionallydrainingandsometimesphysicallydangerous3PartI•Researchquestionsappropriateforfieldresearch•Ashorthistoryoffieldresearch•Thelogicoffieldresearch•Choosingasiteandgainingaccess•Relationsinthefield4ResearchQuestionsAppropriateforFieldResearch•Provideaverycomprehensiveperspective,soit’sappropriatefortopicsdefyingsimplequantification(完整深入的觀察，適合無法以量化方式呈現的研究主題)•Studyattitudesandbehaviorsbestunderstoodwithintheirnaturalsetting(適合在自然情境下最能被理解的態度和行為)•appropriatewhenstudyingagroupofinteractingpeople•Study:peopleinalocation,amorphoussocialexperiences(不定型的社會經驗)•Thestrength:revealthingsthatwouldnototherwisebeapparent(發現顯示那些並非顯而易見的事物)5TerminologyofFieldResearch•Members(成員):peoplewhoarestudiedinafieldsetting(被研究者，即觀察對象)•TheOutsider(局外人):即研究者6Ashorthistoryoffieldresearch(也可視為不同質性研究典範興起的過程)•Academicfieldresearchbeganwithanthropology•ChicagoSchoolofSociology(芝加哥社會學派)–1910s~1930s:journalisticandanthropologicalmodelsofresearch(探討真正發生什麼事&用局內人的觀點看世界)–1940s~1960s:developedparticipantobservation(參與觀察)•Insitu,directinteraction,members’perspectives(研究自然場域、直接與人互動、以成員觀點瞭解世界)7Ashorthistoryoffieldresearch(也可視為不同質性研究典範興起的過程)•DeclinedafterWWII•Revivedinthe1970sand1980s•Today:anactivistorsocialconstructionistperspectiveonsociallife(行動主義或社會建構觀點納入社會生活)–Socialprocessesofnegotiation,discussion,andbargainingtoconstructsocialmeaning質性研究的重點在於每天面對面協商、討論、討價還價的社會過程中建構出的社會意義8Ethnography(民族誌)•Ethnography:describingacultureandunderstandinganotherwayoflifefromthenativepointofview(描述某種文化及從原始觀點去了解另一種生活方式)•Movingfromwhatisheardorobservedtowhatismeant(從所觀察聽聞到的推演到其意義)•Culturalknowledge:explicitknowledge(顯性知識—人們能描述事件的發生)andtacitknowledge(隱性知識—為了和他人有所區隔而沒有明說的文化規範)•Thickdescription:rich,detaileddescriptionofspecifics(豐富、充滿細節的描述)9Ethnomethodology(俗民方法論)•Thestudyofcommonsenseknowledge(對常識的研究，觀察在自然情境持續的社會互動中常識如何被創造及運用)•Assumingthatsocialmeaningisfragileandfluid–Meaningisconstantlybeingcreatedandre-created•People“accomplish”commonsenseunderstandingbyusingtacitsocial-culturalrules(人們藉由隱性社會文化原則完成對常識的理解)•Breachingexperiments(破壞實驗:證明人們在日常生活中創造現實感的簡單隱性原則)10Thelogicoffieldresearch•Moreofanorientationtowardresearchthanafixedsetoftechniques•Naturalism(自然主義):observingordinaryeventsinnaturalsettings,notinresearcher-createdsettings•Directinvolvementinthefield:fun,exciting,buttime,physicallyandemotionallydemanding(實際田野研究有趣但花時間，且身心影響大)11WhatDoFieldResearchersDo?•Observeevents/activitiesinnaturalsettings•Directlyinvolvedwiththepeoplebeingstudied•Aninsiderandanoutsider(得到圈內人的看法但維持局外人的分析觀點)•Usedifferenttechniquesandsocialskillsflexibly•Produceextensivewrittennotes(andotherformsofdata)12WhatDoFieldResearchersDo?•Seeseventsholisticallyandindividually(全面獨立的觀察)•Understandsanddevelopsempathyformembersinafieldsetting(對成員的同理心)•Noticesbothexplicitandtacitaspectsofculture(文化中外顯與隱藏的面向)•Observesongoingsocialprocesseswithoutdisruptingorimposinganoutsidepointofview•Copeswithhighlevelsofpersonalstress,uncertainty,ethicaldilemmas,andambiguity(能調適高度的個人壓力、不確定性、道德兩難、模糊情況)13Stepsinafieldresearchproject•Flexibility:researcherscanshiftdirectionandfollowleads•Gettingorganized–Canbeginwiththeirownexperiences–Carefullookingandlistening,short-termmemory,andregularwriting–Learnconceptsanddatacollectionmethods–Defocusing(去除焦點:看更廣大的情境或場域，不要把焦點放在研究者身上)–Self-knowledge•Strongimpactonaresearcher’sidentityandoutlook14Choosingasiteandgainingaccess(選擇研究場域然後進入)•Selectingasite:consideryourresearchquestions–Consider:richnessofdata,unfamiliarity,suitability•Levelofinvolvement:dependingonthedegreeofdetachmentorinvolvementwithmembers–Adetachedoutsidervs.anintimatelyinvolvedinsider15Levelofinvolvement•Completeobserver｜observerasparticipantparticipantasobserver(researcherparticipant)｜completeparticipant•Asanoutsider:–Lesstime,overrapportlessanissue,sometimescanhelpsmembersopenup•Misinterpretationmorelikely•Asaninsider–Empathy(同理心),canshareamember’sexperience–Somedifficultiesexist16Gatekeepers(守門者)•Agatekeeper:someonewiththeformalorinformalauthoritytocontrolaccesstoasite(有著正式或非正式的權力，能控制人們進入某個場域)•Tonegotiatewithgatekeepersandbargainforaccess(與守門者協商以進入某場域)17Strategyforentering•Planning:needscommonsensejudgmentandsocialskills,re-entrypossible(須要計畫:常識判斷及社交技巧。有時需再進入一場域)18Strategyforentering•Negotiation(協商):toformsocialrelations,useconnections,networking,oruseinformant•Disclosure(揭露研究者的身分和研究計劃):howmuchtorevealaboutyourselfandtheresearchproject–Explaintheprojecttogatekeepersandothersunlessyouhaveagoodreasonnotto19Enteringthefield(進入研究場域)•Presentationofself(呈現研究者的自我)•Researcherasinstrument(研究者為研究工具)•Anattitudeofstrangeness(持陌生的態度)•Buildingrapport(建立關係)20EnteringtheField•PresentationofSelf:beconsciousaboutit–Presentationdependingontheoccasion–Self-presentationmayinfluencefieldrel