高考英语句子成分分析

Part1英语句子成分一、词类英语词类分十种：名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy,morning,bag,ball,class,orange.2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：who,she,you,it.3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good,right,white,orange.4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one,two,three,first,second,third,fourth.5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am,is,are,have,see.6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now,very,here,often,quietly,slowly.7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a,an,the.8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in,on,from,above,behind.9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and,but,before.10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh,well,hi,hello.二、句子成分1.主语：是句子要说明的人或事物，是句子的主体，一般由名词、代词、数词、不定式或动名词等充当。如：Thecarisrunningfast./ThegirlcansingmanyEnglishsongs.(名词)Wearestudents./Thisismypen.Yoursisonthedesk.(代词)OneofmyclassmatesisfromShanghai./Twoandthreeisfive.(数词)Theblindneedmorehelp.(名词化的形容词)It'sbadmannerstospitinpublic.(不定式)Eatingtoomuchisbadforyourhealth.(动名词)【注意】若不定式短语作主语常用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语(不定式短语)放在句后。练一练：指出下例句中主语的中心词。①Theteacherwithtwoofhisstudentsiswalkingintotheclassroom.②Thereisanoldmancominghere.③Theusefuldictionarywasgivenbymymotherlastyear.④Todotoday'shomeworkwithouttheteacher'shelpisverydifficult.2.谓语：说明主语的动作或状态，也是句子的主体部分，一般由动词充当。动词分为实义动词、连系动词、情态动词和助动词。实义动词单独作谓语，连系动词与表语一起构成谓语，情态动词与省略to的不定式构成合成谓语，助动词与动词原形共同构成谓语部分。如：由单一动词作谓语：WeareChinese./HehasanEnglish-Chinesedictionary.情态动词加主要动词：Wecanplaythepiano./Youmustseethedoctor.助动词加主要动词构成谓语：Sheistalkingwithhersister./Ihaveseenthismanbefore.【注意】谓语与主语在人称与数方面要相互照应。练一练：选出句中谓语的中心词。①Idon'tlikethepictureonthewall.A.don'tB.likeC.pictureD.wall②Thedaysgetlongerandlongerwhensummercomes.A.getB.longerC.daysD.summer③Doyouusuallygotoschoolbybus?A.DoB.usuallyC.goD.bus④Therewillbeameetingatthelibrarythisafternoon.A.willbeB.meetingC.thelibraryD.afternoon⑤Didthetwinshaveporridgefortheirbreakfast?A.DidB.twinsC.haveD.breakfast⑥Tomdidn'tdohishomeworkyesterday.A.TomB.didn'tC.doD.hishomework⑦WhatIwanttotellyouisthis.A.wantB.totellC.youD.is⑧Wehadbettersendforadoctor.A.WeB.hadC.sendD.doctor3.表语：用于说明主语的身份、特征或感受，一般由名词、数词、形容词、分词等充当。常用的连系动词有：be，look，get，sound(听起来)，feel，become，smell，turn，taste(尝起来)等。如：Theyareworkers.(名词)Twoandthreeisfive.(数词)Thestoryisveryinteresting.(形容词)MyjobisteachingEnglish.(动名词)Sheisathome.(介词短语)Ifeelterrible.(形容词)Thedishtastesdelicious.(形容词)Heishere(副词)It’sgettingdark./Hegotveryangry./Thehillhasturnedgreen.(形容词)Be动词（am，is，are,was,were）表保持（keep,stay）系动词表改变（get，become，turn）感官动词（feel，sound，seem/look，taste，smell）练一练：挑出下列句中的表语。①Theoldmanwasfeelingverytired.②WhyisheworriedaboutJim?③Theleaveshaveturnedyellow.④SoonTheyallbecameinterestedinthesubject.⑤Shewasthefirsttolearnaboutit.4.宾语：是及物动词所涉及的对象，是动作的对象或承受者。一般由名词、代词、不定式及动名词等充当。如：Heisdoinghishomework./Isawaplaneintheskyjustnow.(名词)Theydidnothingthismorning./Imethimonmywayhome.(代词)Iwantthree./Pleasepassmethefirst.(数词)Shewantstogohome.(不定式)Weenjoyplayingfootball.(动名词)【注意】①有的动词可接双宾语，间接宾语指人，直接宾语指物。这类动词常见的有：give，buy，lend，pass，tell，leave等。如：Heboughtmeabook.Passmetheball，willyou？(间宾＋直宾)直接宾语一般放在间接宾语之后，但若把直接宾语放在前面，则要在间接宾语前加适当的介词如to或for等。如：HanChenlentsomemoneytoTom.(直宾＋间宾)LucyboughtadictionaryforTom.(直宾＋间宾)②有的动词常用不定式作宾语，而不能用动名词。这类动词有：want，wish，hope，promise，decide，agree，choose，care等。如：Ihopetoseeyouagain.③有的动词一般只用动名词作宾语，而不用不定式。这类动词有：enjoy，finish，mind，practise，miss，suggest，keep(on)等。如：Doyoumindmyopeningthewindow？④有的动词后接不定式与动名词含义不同。a)forgettodo表示“未发生的动作”，forgetdoing表示“已完成的动作”。如：Don'tforgettocomehereearliertomorrow.(还没来)Iforgotreturningthebooktohim.(书已还给他了)b)stoptodo(不定式为状语)表示“停下原来的事，去做另一件事”，stopdoing表示“停止做某事”。如：Istoppedtotalkwithhim.(我停下来与他谈话。)Thestudentsstoppedtalkingwhentheteachercamein.(老师进来时学生们停止谈话。注意：英语中带有宾语的谓语动词叫及物动词，不带宾语的叫不及物动词。及物动词后必须跟上宾语意义才完整，不及物动词本身意义已完整，后面不跟宾语。Youmayusemypen./Doyoulikefish?(及物)Dickswimsverywell./Thesunrisesintheeast.(不及物)不及物动词可加介词再加宾语Wearelisteningtothemusic.Theyaretalkingtoeachother.既可以作及物动词又可以作不及物动词的词：Wearegrowingtomatoes./Tomatoesgrowwellinourgarden.TheyleftShanghaiyesterday./Theyleftyesterday.Mymotherteachesinthisschool./SheteachesEnglish.Wearestudying./WestudyEnglish.Webeganourlessonatnine./Thelecturebeganatnine.练一练：挑出下列句中的宾语。①Mybrotherhasn'tdonehishomework.②PeopleallovertheworldspeakEnglish.③Youmustpaygoodattentiontoyourpronunciation.④Howmanynewwordsdidyoulearnlastclass?⑤Someofthestudentsintheschoolwanttogoswimming,howaboutyou?5.直接宾语与间接宾语。有些及物动词可带有两个宾语，其中一个指物（直接宾语），另一个指人（间接宾语）。我们称为双宾语。动词+间接宾语（人）+直接宾语（物）Helentmeabook./Heboughtmeapen./IhavetaughtmyselfEnglishfortenyears.动词+直接宾语（物）+（to,for）+间接宾语（人）Hegavehissonsomeadvice.=Hegavesomeadvicetohisson.Fatherboughtmeacomputer.=Fatherboughtacomputerforme.练一练：划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语。①Pleasetellusastory.②Myfatherboughtanewbikeformelastweek.③MrLiisgoingtoteachushistorynextterm.④Hereisapen.GiveittoTom.⑤Didheleaveanymessageforme?6.定语：用于修饰名词或代词，一般由形容词、名词、数词、不定式等充当。如：Whatabeautifulkiteitis！/Theyhaveacleverson.(形容词)Sheisachemistryteacher./Itisacolorfilm.(名词)Therearetwostudentsintheclassroom.(数词)Thissongisbetterthanthatone.(代词)Doyouknowtheyoungmanoverthere?(副词)Wehavesomethingtodotomorrow.(不定式)Themaninblueismybrother.(介词短语)单个词作定语时，通常放在它所修饰的名词之前。