国际商法课件第三章

ChapterThreeLawofAgency3.1NatureofAgencyandAgencyRelationships3.2CreationofAgency3.3DutiesofAgencyandPrincipal3.4LiabilityofPrincipalandAgenttoThirdParites3.5TerminationofAgencyKeyTermsagency代理agent代理人principle被代理人，委托人authorization授权voluntary意定代理statuory法定代理expressauthority明示授权impliedauthority默示授权apparentauthority表见授权agencybyratification追认授权agentforanamedprincipal显名代理agentforaunnamedprincipal隐名代理3.1NatureofAgencyandAgencyRelationships3.1.1DefinitionofAgencyAgencyisafiduciaryrelationshipcreatedbyexpressorimpliedcontractorbylaw,inwhichoneparty(theagent)mayactonbehalfofanotherparty(theprincipal)andbindthatotherpartybywordsoractions.代理是指代理人（agent）按照被代理人（principle）授权或法律规定，代表被代理人同第三人订立合同或作其他的法律行为，由此而产生的权利与义务直接对被代理人发生效力。本人（Principle）代理人（Agent）第三人（Thethirdparty）委托代理权利义务实施法律行为（act）三方当事人：１．本人（principal）或称委托人２．代理人（agent）或称被委托人３．第三人（athirdperson）两种关系：１．内部法律关系（internalrelationship）本人与代理人的代理关系Principal-agent(stipulatedbycontractofauthorization,contractofemployment,partnershipcontract)２．外部法律关系（externalrelationship）本人、代理人与第三人的法律关系Independentfrominternalrelationship特定情况下，代理人承担责任的情形：1.委托代理（1）代理人用明示或者暗示形式同意对该合同负责；（2）代理人在合同上签上自己的名字，或并未明确说明自己是代理人，代理人要对该合同负责。（3）代理人在签字蜡封合同上签名，即使注明自己是代理人，也要对该合同负责。（4）被代理人是虚构的情况下，代理人要对所订的合同负责。（5）商业惯例要求代理人对该合同负责。2.法定代理，被代理人是无行为能力。3.无权代理。两大法系的代理概念大陆法系（Civillaw）：一人为他人进行的法律行为。严格区别委任(内部关系)与授权（外部关系）。英美法系（Commonlaw）：通过他人去做的行为视同被代理人亲自所为的行为。建立在被代理人与代理人等同的理论。国际商事代理：是指代理人为取得佣金，依被代理人的授权，为被代理人的利益和第三人为商行为，是指一切营利性的营业行为，由此具有国际因素的被代理人、代理人及第三人之间产生权利义务关系的法律制度。《国际货物销售代理公约》（ConventiononAgencyintheInternationalSaleofGood）规定：不论代理人以自己名义，抑或以被代理人名义之行为，均适用本公约。（Itappliesirrespectiveofwhethertheagentactsinhisownnameorinthatoftheprincipal.）代理的法律特征1．代理是具有法律意义的行为。2．代理是在代理权限范围内实施的行为。（法定、授权）3．本人（被代理人）对代理人的行为承担法律责任。4．代理的行为在法律上有不可代理性。如婚姻登记、收养子女等人身性行为。3.1.3AgencyRelationshipsPrincipal-agent（委托代理）Employer-employee（雇佣关系）Employer-indepndent（雇主独立）Principal-agent（委托代理）Principal-agentrelationshipisthearrangementthatexistswhenonepersonorentity(calledtheagent)actsonbehalfofanother(calledtheprincipal).Ingeneral,acontractisusedtospecifythetermsofaPrincipal-agentrelationship.employer-employee（雇佣关系）Theemployer-employeerelationshipisoneinwhichanagent(employee)whoworksforandissubjecttothecontroloftheprincipal(employer)mayenterintocontractualrelationshiponthelatter'sbehalf.Employer-indepndent（雇主独立）Anindependentcontractorisanaturalperson,businessorcorporationwhichprovidesgoodsorservicestoanotherentityundertermsspecifiedinacontractorwithinaverbalagreement.Unlikeanemployee,anindependentcontractordoesnotworkregularlyforanemployerbutworksasandwhenrequire,duringwhichtimesheorhemaybesubjecttotheLawofAgency.Generally,independentcontractorsretaincontroloverscheduleandnumberofhousworks,jobsaccepted,andperformanceoftheirjob.Exampleofoccupationswhereindependentcontractorarrangementsaretypical：（1）GeneralPractitioner（2）Taxianddrivers（3）Freelancers（4）Entertainer（5）ProfessionalWrestlers（6）Lawncareworkers（7）NewspaperCarriresTodeterminewhetheraworkerisanemployeeoranindependentcontractor,courtsconsiderthefollowing:(1)Howmuchdirectionandcontroltheemployerexercisesoverthedetailoftheperson'swork;(2)whetherthepersonisengagedinanoccupationorbusinessdistinctfromthatoftheemploy;(3)whethertheworkthepersonperformsisusuallydoneundertheemployer'sdirectionorwithoutemployersupervision;(4)whosuppliestoolsusedbytheperson;(5)thedurationoftheperson'semployment;(6)whatdegreeofskillisrequiredoftheworker;FactsCourtsConsidersE’eeI.C.Doestheemployerexerciseagreatdealofcontroloverthedetailsoftheperson’swork?YesNoIsthepersonengagedinanoccupationorbusinessdistinctfromthatoftheemployer?NoYesIstheworkdoneundertheemployer’sdirectionorsupervision?YesNoDoesthepersonsupplytoolsusedbytheperson?YesNoHasthepersonemployedalongtime?YesNoIstheworkerpaidattheendofthejob?NoYesIsthereagreatdegreeofskillrequired?NoYesEmployeev,IndependentContractorRelationshipAnindependentcontractorintortTheemployerofanindependentcontractorisgenerallynotheldvicariouslyliableforthetortiousactsandomissionsofthecontractor.How,vicariousliabilitywillbeimposedinthreecircumstances:（1）wherethecontractorsinjuresaninviteetotherealpropertyoftheempolyer;（2）thecontractorsisinvolvedinanultra-hazardousactivity（onelikelytocausesubstantialinjure,suchasblastingwithexplosive）（3）theempolyerisestoppedformdenyingliabilitybecausehehasheldouttheindependentcontractorasifheweresimplyanemployeeoragent.3.2CreationofAgencyBasicsforCreationofAgency1.Formationofanagency2.CapacityoftheParties3.Non-delegableDutiesofPrincipalsCreationofAgency1.ByExpressContractorConsensualAgreementTheagencyrelationshipisalwaysconsensual.2.BytheConductofthePartiesImpliedcontractsofagencymaybejudiciallydeterminedbecausethewordsofactionsofthepartieswouldleadotherstobelievethatanagencyexsited,thatonepartywasactingforanother.3.ByRatificationofanUnauthorizedActEventhoughwasnoagecywhenanagentperformedavaildactostensiblyonbehalfanotherperson,thatpersonmayratifytheactacceptingitsresultsafterthefact.4.ByEstoppel5.ByNecessity两大法系的规定大陆法系意定代理（voluntary）是指被代理人的授权而产生的代理。这种代理是基于意思表示二产生。法定代理（