现代语言学第八章 社会语言学

现代语言学第八章社会语言学Chapter8Socio-linguisticsWhatissocio-linguistics?什么是社会语言学？•Sociolinguisticsisthesub-discipline亚学科oflinguisticsthatstudieslanguageinsocialcontexts.•社会语言学(sociolinguistics)是一门语言学的分支学科，把语言置于社会环境中来研究语言。•社会是怎样给人分组的？Socialgroup（贴标签）什么是语言变异？•Languageusevariesfromonespeechcommunitytoanother,fromoneregionalgrouptoanother,fromonesocialgrouptoanther,andevenfromoneindividual个人toanther.•语言的使用也是各不相同的，不同的言语社区之间，不同的地域族群之间，不同的社会阶层之间，甚至每个不同的人之间都是有着各种差别的。什么是言语变体？•Speechvarietyreferstoanydistinguishableformofspeechusedbyaspeakerorgroupofspeakers.Aspeechvarietymaybelexical词汇的,phonological音韵的,morphological形态的,syntactic语法的,oracombinationoflinguisticfeatures.•言语变体（speechvariety），又称之为语言变体，是语言使用者所使用的具有一定区别性特征的变体。这些不同的特征主要反映在发音、句法规则或词汇上。•美式英语英式英语词汇的轮胎tiretyre玉米cornmaize小麦wheatcorn发音的askaeɑ:hota:ɔcar有卷舌没卷舌形态的装饰ndecordecoration句法的英式Can’tyoudoanybetterthanthat?美式Isthatallthebetteryoucando？什么是Regionalvariation地域变异•Regionalvariationisspeechvariationaccordingtotheparticularareawhereaspeakercomesfrom.Regionalvariationoflanguageisthemostdiscernible可辨别的anddefinable可定义的.•地域口音(accent)是地域的自然分区造成的•7大方言•语言规划(languageplanning)是政府行为•普通话什么是Socialvariation社会变异•Socialvariationgivesriseto引起了sociolects社会方言whicharesubdivisible可以细分intosmallerspeechcategories分类whichreflecttheirsocioeconomic社会地位和经济地位,educational教育背景,occupational职业andethnic种族background,aswellastheirsexandage.•生活在同一地区的人，虽然使用同一种地方方言，但是他们也会有意或无意选择符合他们社会身份的言语形式进行交际。socialdialect社会方言•社会方言(socialdialect或sociolect)指社会中属于同一阶级、阶层、或社会群体所使用的语言变体。社会方言通行于有着相同社会背景的群体之中。社会群体的多样化决定了社会方言的多样化。Socialdialects,orsociolects,arevarietiesoflanguageusedbypeoplebelongingtoparticularsocialclasses.Thespeakersofasocialdialectusuallyshareasimilarsocialbackground.Educationvarieties教育变体•Thespeakersofasocialdialectusuallyshareasimilarsocialbackground.Manydifferencesinlanguagesusepersistforeducationalreasons.Itis,therefore,importanttoknow,forexample,whetheragroupofspeakerssharesimilareducationalbackgrounds.•受过相同教育的人往往使用相同的被称之为教育变体的社会方言。例如，具有高等学历的学生与早期辍学的学生相比，他们的语言形式更加书面化。年龄变体•Thewaylanguageisusedcorrelateswith一一对应theageofindividualspeakers.Theimportanceofageasasocialfactorinlanguagevariationisstrikinglydemonstrated显著的呈现bychildren’slanguageasitdevelopswithage.Whilesomedifferencesinpronunciation发音arefoundtocorrelatewithdifferentgenerationofspeakers,themoststrikingdifferencesarelexical词汇的.•语言变体与年龄同样具有一定的相关性。儿童的变体与成年人变体相比，词汇量相对较少，句法结构缺少多样性，语音也不完善。年龄变体的差异表现在变体的各个方面，但是这种差异在词汇系统上更为显著。•YOLO，美式英语新词，是YouOnlyLiveOnce的首字母缩略词，意为你只能活一次，是坏孩子做坏事前的宣言。•Often•上了年纪的人喜欢使用”ice-box”,”wireless”等，而年轻人更喜欢使用”fridge”和”boombox”等。性别变体(gendervarieties)•Variationinlanguageuseisalsoassociatedwiththesexofindividualspeakers.Sex-preferential优先的differentiationintermsofspeechvarietiesofmalesandfemalesexistsinallnaturallanguageacrosstheword.Inparticular,theintentionalorunintentionaluseofsexistlanguageinspeechorwritingreflectsgender-biasedculturaltraditionsinmanysocieties.Registervarieties语域变体•Registersarelanguagevarietiesappropriateforuseinparticularspeechsituations,forthatreason,registersarealsoknownassituationaldialects.•语言的语域变体(register)是一种交际情景方言,以交际时说话者所用语体或文体的得体性为主要特征。•Aformalsituationmaycondition决定，使……适应aformalregister,characterizedbyformal,standardlexicalitems词汇项andgrammaticalrules,andspeechpatterns言语模式;whileaninformalsettingmaybereflectedinalessformalregisterthatexhibits陈列出morecausalvocabulary,nonstandardgrammaticalfeatures,andstigmatized受责难的speechpatterns.•语域变体与交际场合、交际各方、交际主题等交际情景因素密切相关。•正式的交际场合往往需要正式的语域变体，而非正式场合往往要求较为随便的语域变体。正式的语域通常要求正式的词汇与句法结构,而非正式的语域其词汇和句法相对较为随便。•句子中：•Theychuckedastoneatthecops,adthendidabunk（铺位）逃跑withtheboot靴子.•(informal)•Aftercastingastoneatthepolice,theyabscondedwiththemoney携款潜逃.•(formal)•短语中：•要求askfor(request)订约godownwith(contract)•建立setup(establish)处理dealwith(handle)•发现findout(discover)欺骗takein(deceive)Addressterms称谓语•Onespecificaspectofsituationaluseoflanguageisthatofaddresstermusage.Anaddressterm,oraddressform,referstothewordorwordsusedtoaddresssomebodyinspeechorwriting•所有的语言中都有称谓语，也有支配称谓语得体使用的语用规则。•.Itisapparentthatthewayinwhichpeopleaddressoneanotherusuallydependsontheirage,sex,socialgroup,andpersonalrelationship.TheEnglishsystemoffrequentlyusedaddresstermsincludesfirstname,lastname,title+lastname,titlealone,andkinterm亲属称谓.•交际中称谓语的使用除了考虑交际各方的社会地位之外，还要考虑年龄、性别、职业、个人关系等因素。Slang俚语•Slangisacasualuseoflanguagethatconsistsof由什么构成expressivebutnonstandardvocabulary,typicallyofarbitrary任意的,flashyandoftenephemeral暂时的coinagesandfiguresofspeechcharacterizedbyspontaneityandsometimebyraciness.Thecentralcharacteristicofslangcomesfromthemotiveforitsuse:adesirefornovelty新奇的,forvividemphasis,formembershipinaparticulargrouporclassofpeople,orforbeingupwiththetimesoralittleahead.apple-polisher马屁精例如：Sheisarealapple-polisherforthewayshe'scrawlingaroundthebossandmakingeyesathim.她是一个马屁精，整天围着老板眉来眼去的。asbusyasabee（象蜜蜂）忙忙碌碌的asgracefulasaswan（象天鹅）姿态优雅的asgentleasalamb（象羊羔）性情温顺的ascunningasafox（象狐狸）一样狡猾的aspoorasachurchmouse一贫如洗•I'mbeat.我非常疲乏。beatgums空洞无物、废话连篇的讲话bellthecat为众人的利益承担风险blacksheep害群之马Buddy,whereisjohn？要上厕所?Bungeejumping蹦极跳Stopbuggingme,