黑人文学American_Black_Literature

BlackAmericanLiteratureFeaturesAspecialhistoryEmancipationaftertheCivilWarTheBlackispresentedinadistortedmannerGonewiththeWindTakethebiblicaltermsasabettermediumAlongprocessofevolution美国黑人文学起源于黑人奴隶歌曲，这些歌曲，不论是悲歌还是民歌，倾诉了黑人背井离乡、沦为奴隶的痛苦心情。书写文学最早出现在18世纪，19世纪以后陆续增多。表现形式先是诗歌，再是小说。黑人文学在20世纪20年代有了较大发展，纽约的黑人区出现了“哈莱姆文艺复兴”。休斯(1902-1967)是当时涌现出来的优秀作家。他的作品发掘了黑人古老传统，树立了民族自尊心。到了30年代未，黑人文学的战斗性进一步增长，出现了理查德·赖特的《土生子》(1940)这样的优秀作品。战后黑人文学更趋成熟。拉尔夫·埃利逊(1914-)的小说《看不见的人》和鲍德温的散文，均已达到第一流文学的水平。他们对种族不平等的抗议采取了更细腻、更深刻的表达方式。他们希望人们认识到黑人是具有全部人性的人。60年代之后更有获得诺贝尔文学奖的优秀女作家托尼·莫里森(1931-),将黑人文学推上了新的高峰:coloured+Negroblack（aftercivilrightsmovement）-AfricanAmericanAuniqueliteraturetiedupwiththeuniqueexperienceofblackpeopleinAfricaTheMiddlePassageTheSlaveryTheEmancipationTheMigrationtotheCitiesTheIntegrationtotheMainstreamTheBlackPowerMovementTheCivilRightsMovementTheMiddlePassage中间通道thestageofthetriangulartradeinwhichmillionsofpeoplefromAfricanwereshippedtotheNewWorldaspartoftheAtlanticslavetrade.ShipsdepartedEuropeforAfricanmarketswithmanufacturedgoods,whichweretradedforpurchasedorkidnappedAfricans,whoweretransportedacrosstheAtlanticasslaves;theslaveswerethensoldortradedforrawmaterials,whichwouldbetransportedbacktoEuropetocompletethevoyage.AliteraturedrasticallydifferentfromthemainstreamAmericanliteratureBlackAmericanshavebeenoppressedsohard,andtheydonotwanttotoilinfettersanymore:theywant“togo”,whichisanotherwayofsaying“freedom”and“emancipation”.ThisistheessentialspiritrunningthroughAfricanAmericanliterature.TheDivisionTheVernacular/OralTraditionTheLiteratureofSlaveryandFreedomLiteratureoftheReconstructiontotheNewNegroRenaissanceHarlemRenaissanceRealism,Naturalism,andModernismTheBlackArtsMovementLiteraturesince1970OralTraditionsongsandballadsandWorkSongsspirituals(黑人圣歌):sorrowofthesingers＊earlierconditionandlongingforfreedomblues:aftercivilwar,derivedfromworksongsofloneliness,separation,losses,wonderings,love,desperation,senseofdoomjazz:afterWWI,developedfromblues,diedoutintheGreatDepressionRapSermonsFolktalesWrittenLiterature（from1760s）(1)（1）poetry:religious,enduring,patienttothewhite（2）slavenarrative:autobiographicalexperienceoftheperson（3）1920s:HarlemRenaissance,NewYorkblack,blackdialectandblackfolkloreofthenewnegro.representatives:LangstonHughes（blackpoetlaureate）,HustonWrittenLiterature（from1760s）(2)（4）1940s:RichardWright,RalphEllison（5）50s~60s:alotofblackwritersemergedinthecivilrightsmovement:JamesBaldwin,Brooks,Jones（6）70s~80s:publishingofRoot（AlexHaley）,AliceWalkerTheColourPurple,ToniMorrison（theonlyblackwhowonNobelPrize）TheLiteratureofSlaveryandFreedom(1746-1865)FrederickDouglass(1817-1895)MyBondageandMyFreedom(1855)Anautobiography,relates,asitstitlesuggests,thearchetypalstoryofAfricanAmericansescapingfromtheircruelandwickedwhitemasterstoemancipation.FrederickDouglass弗莱德里克·道格拉斯NarrativeoftheLifeofFrederickDouglassanAmericanSlave弗莱德里克·道格拉斯，一个美国黑人的自述MyBondageandMyFreedom我的枷锁与我的自由ThelifeandTimeofFrederickDouglass弗莱德里克·道格拉斯的生平与时代LiteratureoftheReconstructiontotheNewNegroRenaissance(1865-1917）Reconstruction(1865-1877)promisedrenewal,butpost-reconstructionnotonlydestroyedwell-wovendreamsbutimposedharshrealities.Thedecadesjustbeforeandafterthestartofthe20thcenturyforAfricanAmericansaremoreaccuratelycalledtheDecadesofDisappointment,yearsmarkedbya“greatmigration”fromsouthtonorth,fromfarmlandstocitiesinsearchofsufferanceifnotsuccess.LiteratureoftheReconstructiontotheNewNegroRenaissance(1865-1917）AfricanAmericanliteratureinthemid-19thandearly20thcenturieswasusedtoconfirmandtomanifestcreativityandgeniuswhilealsodocumentingandshapingsocial,politicalandspiritualaspirationsandconditions.HarlemRenaissance(1919-1940)Inthe1920s,African-Americanliterature,art,music,dance,andsocialcommentarybegantoflourishinHarlem.ThisAfrican-AmericanculturalmovementbecameknownasTheNewNegroMovementandlaterastheHarlemRenaissance.Morethanaliterarymovement,theHarlemRenaissanceexaltedtheuniquecultureofAfrican-AmericansandredefinedAfrican-Americanexpression.African-Americanswereencouragedtocelebratetheirheritage.HarlemRenaissance(1919-1940)LangstonHughesAfricanAmerican’spoetLaureate.LangstonHughes1902-1969兰斯顿·休斯AfricanAmerican’spoetlaureateMulatto混血儿（剧本）;TheWearyBlues疲倦的歌声;DearLovelyDeath亲爱的死神;ShakespearinHarlem哈莱姆的莎士比亚;IWonderasIWander我漂泊我思考TheNegroSpeaksofRivers黑人说河流TheBestofSimple辛普尔精选Realism,Naturalism,andModernism(1940-1960)Thetwodecadesbetween1940and1960compriseawatershedepochinAfricanAmericanletters.Theessenceofthisperiod,inRalphEllison’swords,“exist[s]inacuriousstateofhistoryandprehistorysimultaneously.”Realism,Naturalism,andModernism(1940-1960)RichardWrightNativeSon(1940)HebeganthecontemporaryAfricanAmericanliterarytraditionofviolentself-assertionItestablishedforAfrican-Americanwritingacenterofgravitythatcombinedaurbanrealismwitha“lyrical”naturalismthatdocumentedtheharshrealitiesofurbanlivingforblackAmericans.RichardWright1908-1960理查德·赖特UncleTom’sChildren汤姆叔叔的孩子们;NativeSon土生子;BlackBoy;黑孩子TheLongDream漫长的梦;EightMen八人行