从“他的老师当得好”谈起

7.3(34):225-241.(2008)eventOntadelaoshidang-dehao‘heteacheswell’andRelatedProblemsAbstractModernChineseexhibitsanumberofapparentsyntax-semanticsmismatches,givingrisetomanyexampleswith‘fakepossessives’and‘fakenominalquantifiers’,whichposenon-trivialproblemsforatheoryofsyntax-semanticsmappingandleadtootherpeculiarphenomena.Thisarticleassumesalexicaldecompositionapproachandproposesahead-movementexplanationoftheapparentmismatches,accordingtowhichaverbmovesoutofagerundiveconstructionintoahigherperformativelightverbposition.Theproposalnotonlysolvestheapparentproblemsdiscussed,butissupportedbyseveralindependentmotivationsandtheoreticalbonuses.Thepaperalsobroachesthequestionoflinguisticvariation,showingthattheobservedphenomenaareby-productsofModernChineseasahighlyanalyticlanguage.Keywords:fakenominalmodifiers,syntax-semanticsmismatches,lexicaldecomposition,headmovement,syntacticanalyticity21.1-2*(1)(2)1223a-d(3)a.b.c.d.(4)a.b.c.•20042005Huang(1994,1997)34a2-3NPN2-4(2)-(4)197825a5b5c(5)a.b.c.19824a(6)a.b.c.(5)-(6)NP(7)NP1NP2[NPNP1NP2][NPNP1NP2]NP1NP2NP1NP2NPNP1NP2-4NP2.2-4NPNP1NP24197819828c9c(8)a.b.c.*(9)a.b.c.*8a8b9a9bNP1-NP28c9c(10)a.b.c.d.e.f.(11)a.b.c.d.10NP1NP2NP1NP232-611NP1NP210-112-652-610-113.lexicaldecompositionheadmovement122x2x3killcause+diediebecome+deadMcCawley(1969)Dowty(1979)Larson(1988,1991)give,persuade,putLarsonJohngavethestudentabook(12)VP1DPV1’V1VP2NPV2’V2NPJohn[e]thestudentgiveabook(12)VP1VP2VP2VP1V2V15V1V2V1Johngavethestudent6abookgive[e]giveLarson(1988)Huang1988,19926Larson(1988,1991)Huang1988,1992HaleandKeyser(1993,2002),Chomsky(1995)Huang(1994,1997)CAUSE,BECOMEDO7CAUSEexperientialinchoativeunaccusativeBECOMEstativethin(13)a.Thesoupisthin.[thin]b.Thesoupthinned.[BECOME[thin]]c.Pleasethinthesoup.[CAUSE[BECOME[thin]]](14)a.[]b.[BECOME[]]c.[CAUSE[BECOME[]]]unergativeactivityDODODOHale&Keysercrydoacry,makeacry,etc.DOfunctionalcategoryVP2004LarsongivegiveCAUSE+HAVE(15)(16)7CAUSE8(17)VP1DPV1’V1VP2NPV2’V2NPCAUSE1715VP1VP216CAUSE158syntheticanalytic4.1010b9(18)VP1NPV’V1GPDOSpecG’GVP2[e]V2NP18=VP2GP(GerundivePhrase)GPDO18V1GV29111110(19)a.DOb.itic.10-113-42(20)a.DOb.iti10c.[e]itid.[t]jtje.20a-20b18-19DO102-410-118b-9b8c-9c(8)a.b.c.*(9)a.b.c.*8c-9c9b8b8c(21)10-1121112110-1110-1121DO+112-410-112-410-118c212-410-1112Hale&Keyser1993L-Syntax=LexicalSyntax)(S-Syntax=SyntacticSyntax)L-SyntaxS-SyntaxDOS-Syntax(functionalcategory)(lexicalcategory)S-Syntax5.abc(22)a.b.*____c.12takeadvantageofadvantage(23)a.JohntookadvantageofBill.b.*JohntookthisadvantageofBill.c.*WhichadvantagedidJohntakeofBill?d.*Advantage,JohntookofBill.(24)a.b.c.d.24aDO24c*23-24S-SyntaxL-Syntax246.1313(25)a.b.(26)a.b.(27)a.b.(classifier)(measureword):)14(28)a.***b.(29)(30)(31)(32)3132(33)(34)?*(33)-(34)28a-b14(a)(b)(35)(36)(37)35-37(38)(39)(40)(41)4135-4131-33153315(42)VPNPV’VGPDOSpecG’GVP[e]VNPGP334231-32333339414131-32Kung(1993)Tang(1990)31-3216(43)VPNPV’VVPDOSpecV’D/FPV’VNP4342GPVPLarsonVP12VPV’1631-32GPV’4343434217(44)a.b.c31-32bareNP44DeterminerPhrase,DPNPDP31-32NP44DPNPDP17(45)a.b.c.e.(46)a.*b.*c.*NP(47)a.b.(48)a.*18b.*NPDP4243maximalprojection,XPX0X’(49)αα=XPX0XP-movementX0-movementX’-movement19424342GPGPVPGP43V’VPVPVPVP4942GP43V’/VP42NP45NPGPNPDPNPDP(50)GPVPxVPxV+NP1850VPVPNPDPVPNPDP45-48NP50GPGP4945DPGP4647NPGP48DP44DP4243437.5050GPVPV+NPV+DPGPNPDPsemantictypeDPentityNPpropertyfunctionDPargumentNPpredicate)NP=λxxcomplexpredicatebook-buyingbookNPTheycriticizedBushBushBush-bashingBushNDDPNPLi1999Huang,Li&Li200850V+NPGP,19GP50GPL-Syntax,phone,fish,jokecomplexpredicate,complexverb)Massam2001pseudo-incorporation(51)a.*b.*c.*(52)((53)(54)Myhavingfivesonsisliketheheart’shavingfoursupports.GP(50)VPDP:(55)Yourhavingreportedallthose5funnystoriestoJohnsurprisedme.-ing,VPinflectedGPGPGP2021(56)(57)(58)56564156(59)(60)(61)*(62)*5656(63)2221(64)(65)64-6564-656465eeeeetracee8.individualevent23individualreference)eventreferencelexicalsemanticscompositionalsemantics)type-shifting222316a6b22-6310d4Occam’sRazor5LarsonVPLarsonianVPshell6Huang19881992i-iii(i)(ii)(iii)iiiiv(iv)iiii-ii7BEHOLDParsons1990Vendler(1967)Accomplishment,Achievement,Activity,StateclassifierChao1948Classifier24Huang20058ergativeconstruction···19941999get:JohngotBillkilled,Johngotkilledfaire918GPVPGPGP-V,+NGPIP/TPαV,βN-ed+V,-N-ing-V,+Nparticiples)-ing-en+V,+Nto-V,-NAbney(1987)AbneyDDPGP()”(GP/G)GP/G10(20b)clitic2511(21)“”“””“”“”“”1213Chomsky1970X14ChengandSybesma1999Li1999)Chierchia1998152004.7.1016V’X-(i)a.DOb.(ii)a.DOb.(iii)a.DOb.DOc.VPVPV’VPV’2617,44a-c464844a-c44a-c46481849a-b(i)a.*b.*34iii(ii)a.*b.*i-ii19theshortmenshortmeni-iiiii-iv(i)Iliketheshortmenandthetallwomen.(ii)Iliketheshortmenandtallwomen.(iii)Theshortmen,Ilike.(iv)*Shortmen,Ilikethe.20GPNPN-G-NV-to-N-to-V(derivationbeforeinflection),Y.Li,1990GPGGPGNGP272122232820044.1:3-161999InHonorofMeiTsu-Lin,ed.AlainPeyraube,etal.,57-72.Paris:CentredeReserchesLinguistiquessurl’AsieOrientale,C.N.R.S.1984“”“”;(2002)1978:Abney,Steve.1987.TheEnglishnounphraseinitssententialaspect.DoctoralDissertation,MIT.Chao,Yuen-Ren.1948.Ma