地下水污染控制与修复_Part 2_地下水概论

地下水污染控制与修复地下水污染控制与修复地下水污染控制与修复地下水污染控制与修复GroundwaterContaminationGroundwaterContaminationGroundwaterContaminationGroundwaterContaminationControlandRestorationControlandRestorationControlandRestorationControlandRestoration课程编号课程编号课程编号课程编号：：：：828282823004300430043004YYYY课程属性课程属性课程属性课程属性：：：：专业课专业课专业课专业课学时学时学时学时////学分学分学分学分：：：：40404040////2222主讲教师主讲教师主讲教师主讲教师：：：：王明玉王明玉王明玉王明玉((((中国科学院研究生院资环学院中国科学院研究生院资环学院中国科学院研究生院资环学院中国科学院研究生院资环学院））））地下水污染控制与修复——王明玉第二部分第二部分第二部分第二部分地下水及其污染调查与评价地下水及其污染调查与评价地下水及其污染调查与评价地下水及其污染调查与评价地下水污染控制与修复——王明玉（（（（地下水概论地下水概论地下水概论地下水概论））））地下水污染控制与修复——王明玉地下水污染控制与修复——王明玉地质介质类型与特征地质介质类型与特征地质介质类型与特征地质介质类型与特征基本术语基本术语基本术语基本术语、、、、概念概念概念概念：：：：岩石类型岩石类型岩石类型岩石类型：：：：土质类型土质类型土质类型土质类型：：：：空隙类型空隙类型空隙类型空隙类型：：：：地下水污染控制与修复——王明玉空隙类型空隙类型空隙类型空隙类型：：：：孔隙率孔隙率孔隙率孔隙率((((Porosity)Porosity)Porosity)Porosity)地下水污染控制与修复——王明玉地下水污染控制与修复——王明玉地下水渗流概述地下水渗流概述地下水渗流概述地下水渗流概述::::地下水地下水地下水地下水((((Groundwater):Groundwater):Groundwater):Groundwater):GroundwateriswaterbeneaththeGroundwateriswaterbeneaththeGroundwateriswaterbeneaththeGroundwateriswaterbeneaththesurfaceoftheearthwhichsaturatestheporesandsurfaceoftheearthwhichsaturatestheporesandsurfaceoftheearthwhichsaturatestheporesandsurfaceoftheearthwhichsaturatestheporesandfracturesofsand,gravel,androckformationsfracturesofsand,gravel,androckformationsfracturesofsand,gravel,androckformationsfracturesofsand,gravel,androckformations水头水头水头水头((((HydraulicHead)HydraulicHead)HydraulicHead)HydraulicHead)gpzgvhρ++=22地下水污染控制与修复——王明玉达西公式达西公式达西公式达西公式((((DarcyDarcyDarcyDarcy’sLaw)sLaw)sLaw)sLaw)水力梯度水力梯度水力梯度水力梯度((((HydraulicGradient)HydraulicGradient)HydraulicGradient)HydraulicGradient)水力传导系数水力传导系数水力传导系数水力传导系数((((HydraulicConductivity)HydraulicConductivity)HydraulicConductivity)HydraulicConductivity)渗透流速渗透流速渗透流速渗透流速(DarcyVelocity,DarcyFlux)(DarcyVelocity,DarcyFlux)(DarcyVelocity,DarcyFlux)(DarcyVelocity,DarcyFlux)gzghρ++=2Startinglatein1855,HenryDarcysupervisedasuccessionofexperimentswiththeobjectivetodeterminetherelationbetweenthevolumetricflowrateofwaterthroughsandbedsandthehydraulicheadloss.AllexperimentswerecompletedinthecourtyardofanunnamedhospitalinDijon.ThefirstsetwascarriedoutwiththeassistanceofMr.CharlesRitterfromwiththeassistanceofMr.CharlesRitterfromOctober29thtoNovember2nd.FourdifferentpackingsofSaoneRiversandweretested,witheachdesignatedatestSeries.ForeachSeries,threetotendifferentexperimentswereperformed.Theinletpressurewasvariedforeachexperimentwhileholdingtheoutletatatmosphericpressure.5/12/03地下水污染控制与修复——王明玉AsecondexperimentalsetwascarriedoutonFebruary17and18,1856byRitteronasinglesandpacking.Inthisset,bothinletandoutletpressurewasvaried.Atotalof35experimentswerereportedandusedinthefinalanalysis.Itwerereportedandusedinthefinalanalysis.Itwasaverticalsteelcolumnwithaninsidediameterof0.35mandsealedonbothendsbyboltedflangeplates.Itstotalheightwasreportedinthetextas2.5meters,5/12/03地下水污染控制与修复——王明玉地下水污染控制与修复——王明玉地下水污染控制与修复——王明玉地下水渗流概述地下水渗流概述地下水渗流概述地下水渗流概述::::饱和带饱和带饱和带饱和带(SaturatedZone)：：：：非饱和带非饱和带非饱和带非饱和带(UnsaturatedZone)：：：：含水层含水层含水层含水层(Aquifer):Anaquiferisanundergroundlayerofrock,sand,orgravelthatcontainswaterinsufficientquantitiestosupplyawell.弱透水层弱透水层弱透水层弱透水层(Aquitard)Anaquitardisanunderground,saturatedzoneoflowpermeablerock,sand,orgravelthatwillnotprovidesignificantquantities地下水污染控制与修复——王明玉lowpermeablerock,sand,orgravelthatwillnotprovidesignificantquantitiesofwatertoawellorspring.隔水层隔水层隔水层隔水层(Aquiclude)潜水含水层潜水含水层潜水含水层潜水含水层(Phreaticaquiferorwatertableaquifer)非承压含水层非承压含水层非承压含水层非承压含水层(UnconfinedAquifer)承压含水层承压含水层承压含水层承压含水层(ConfinedAquifer)：：：：AconfinedaquiferisanAconfinedaquiferisanAconfinedaquiferisanAconfinedaquiferisanaquiferwedgedbetweenlayersofrelativelyimpermeablematerialsaquiferwedgedbetweenlayersofrelativelyimpermeablematerialsaquiferwedgedbetweenlayersofrelativelyimpermeablematerialsaquiferwedgedbetweenlayersofrelativelyimpermeablematerialsandconsequentlyunderpressure.Alsoknowasanartesianaquifer.andconsequentlyunderpressure.Alsoknowasanartesianaquifer.andconsequentlyunderpressure.Alsoknowasanartesianaquifer.andconsequentlyunderpressure.Alsoknowasanartesianaquifer.地下水渗流概述地下水渗流概述地下水渗流概述地下水渗流概述::::非均质非均质非均质非均质(Heterogeneity)(Heterogeneity)(Heterogeneity)(Heterogeneity)均质均质均质均质(Homogeneity)(Homogeneity)(Homogeneity)(Homogeneity)各向同性各向同性各向同性各向同性(Isotropy)(Isotropy)(Isotropy)(Isotropy)各向异性各向异性各向异性各向异性(Anisotropy)(Anisotropy)(Anisotropy)(Anisotropy)地下水污染控制与修复——王明玉稳定流稳定流稳定流稳定流(SteadyStateFlow)(SteadyStateFlow)(SteadyStateFlow)(SteadyStateFlow)：：：：非稳定流非稳定流非稳定流非稳定流(TransientFlow)(TransientFlow)(TransientFlow)(TransientFlow)：：：：一维流一维流一维流一维流(One(One(One(One----dimensionalFlow)dimensionalFlow)dimensionalFlow)dimensionalFlow)：：：：二维流二维流二维流二维流(Two(Two(Two(Two----dimensionalFlow)dimensionalFlow)dimensionalFlow)dimensionalFlow)：：：：三维流三维流三维流三维流(Two(Two(Two(Two----dimensionalFlow)dimensionalFlow)dimensionalFlow)dimensionalFlow)：：：：地下水污染控制与修复——王明玉地下水污染控制与修复——王明玉地下水污染控制与修复——王明玉地下水渗流概述地下水渗流概述地下水渗流概述地下水渗流概述::::DupuitDupuitDupuitDupuit公式公式公式公式Assumptions:Assumptions:Assumptions:Assumptions:隔水底板水平隔水底板水平隔水底板水平