发展经济学第4章

第4章人力资本与经济发展Humancapital•Humancapitalreferstotheproductivecapacitiesofhumanbeingsasincomeproducingagentsintheeconomy.•Capitalisastockwhichhasvalueasasourceofcurrentandfutureflowsofoutputandincome.Humancapitalisthestockofskillsandproductiveknowledgeembodiedinpeople.Theyieldorreturnonhumancapitalinvestmentsliesinenhancingaperson'sskillsandearningpower,andinincreasingtheefficiencyofeconomicdecisionmakingbothwithinandwithoutthemarketeconomy.——SherwinRosenTheNewPalgraveDictionaryofEconomicsHumancapital＆economicgrowthTHEODOREW.SCHULTZHumancapital：BackgroundHumancapital：researchtopics•Schoolingexperienceandearnings;basictheory;abilitybias•Signaling;returnstoschoolingeconometrics•Returnstoexperienceandon-the-jobtrainingEducationproduction:schoolinputs,schoolquality,studentandteacherincentives•Humancapitalpolicy;highereducation•Evaluationofgovernmenttrainingprograms•Externalitiesandpeereffects（同群效应）TheCentralRolesofEducationandHealth•Healthandeducationareimportantobjectivesofdevelopment–RecallSen’scapabilitiestofunctionapproach,andthecorevaluesofeconomicdevelopment–RecalltherolesofhealthandeducationalongwithincomeintheHDI•Healthandeducationarealsoimportantcomponentsofgrowthanddevelopment–Education:absorbmoderntechnology–Health:prerequisiteforincreaseinproductivityEducationandHealthasJointInvestmentsforDevelopment•Greaterhealthcapitalmayimprovethereturnstoinvestmentsineducation•Greatereducationcapitalmayimprovethereturnstoinvestmentsinhealth健康和教育的相互促进ImprovingHealthandEducation:WhyIncreasingIncomesIsNotSufficient•Increasesinincomeoftendonotleadtosubstantialincreasesininvestmentinchildren’seducationandhealth•Bettereducatedmotherstendtohavehealthierchildren•SignificantmarketfailuresineducationandhealthrequirepolicyactionInvestinginHealthandEducation:TheHumanCapitalApproach•Initialinvestmentsinhealthoreducationleadtoastreamofhigherfutureincome•Thepresentdiscountedvalueofthisstreamoffutureincomeiscomparedtothecostsoftheinvestment•Privatereturnstoeducationarehigh,andmaybehigherthansocialreturnsAge-earningsProfilesbyLevelofEducationFinancialTrade-OffsintheDecisiontoContinueinSchoolRatesofReturntoInvestmentinEducationbyLevelofEducation,Country,Type,andRegionTheGenderGap:WomenandEducation•YoungfemalesreceivelesseducationthanyoungmalesinnearlyeveryLDC•Closingtheeducationalgendergapisimportant,because：–Therateofreturnonwomen’seducationishigherthanthatofmenindevelopingcountries–Itincreasesproductivityandlowersfertility–Educatedmothershaveamultiplierimpactonmanygenerations–Itcanbreaktheviciouscycleofpoverty（贫困的恶性循环）andinadequateschoolingforwomenTrendsingenderparityinenrollmentandliteracyrates,1990and2005MaleandFemaleEducationRates,2004TheGenderGap:WomenandEducation•Consequencesofgenderbiasinhealthandeducation–Economicincentivesandtheirculturalsetting–“MissingWomen”mysteryinAsia•IncreaseinfamilyincomedoesnotalwaysleadtobetterhealthandeducationEducationalSystemsandDevelopment•ThePoliticalEconomyofeducationalsupplyanddemand:therelationshipbetweenemploymentopportunitiesandeducationaldemands•SocialversusprivatebenefitsandcostsPrivateversusSocialBenefitsandCostsofEducation:AnIllustrationEducationalSystemsandDevelopment•Distributionofeducation–Lorenzcurvesforthedistributionofeducation•EducationInequalityandPovertyLorenzCurvesforEducationinIndiaandSouthKorea,1990GiniCoefficientsforEducationin85Countries,1990HealthSystemsandDevelopment•MeasurementanddistributionLifeExpectancyinVariousWorldRegionsUnder-5MortalityRatesinVariousWorldRegionsProportionofChildrenunder5WhoAreUnderweight,1990and2005ProportionofUnder-FiveChildrenWhoAreUnderweight,byHouseholdWealth,around2008DeathsofChildrenunderAge5Children’sLikelihoodtoDieinSelectedCountriesHealthSystemsandDevelopment•Diseaseburden•HIV/AIDS•Malaria(疟疾)•ParasiticWorms（寄生虫）andOther“NeglectedTropicalDiseases”RegionalHIVandAIDSStatistics,2006TheMajorNeglectedTropicalDiseases,RankedbyPrevalence蛔虫病、鞭虫病、十二指肠虫、血吸虫、丝虫病、沙眼、盘尾丝虫病、利什曼病(尤指黑热病)、麻疯病、麦地那龙线虫、锥虫病、HealthSystemsandDevelopment•HealthandProductivity–Isthereaconnection?•HealthSystemsPolicy–GreatvariabilityintheperformanceofhealthsystemsateachincomelevelAdultStaturebyBirthCohortWages,Education,andHeightofMalesinBrazilandtheUnitedStates五次全国人口普查人口基本情况ReturnstoEducation(Returntoanadditionalyearofschooling)PUBLICEXPENDITURESONEDUCATIONASPERCENTAGEOFGROSSNATIONALPRODUCT,1995HealthExpendituresbySourceofFinance