蜂窝无线通信系统 wifi技术

RESEARCHOFCELLULARWIRELESSCOMMUNATIONSYSTEMAbstractCellularcommunicationsystemsallowalargenumberofmobileuserstoseamlesslyandsimultaneouslycommunicatetowirelessmodemsatfixedbasestationsusingalimitedamountofradiofrequency(RF)spectrum.TheRFtransmissionsreceivedatthebasestationsfromeachmobilearetranslatedtobaseband,ortoawidebandmicrowavelink,andrelayedtomobileswitchingcenters(MSC),whichconnectthemobiletransmissionswiththePublicSwitchedTelephoneNetwork(PSTN).Similarly,communicationsfromthePSTNaresenttothebasestation,wheretheyaretransmittedtothemobile.Cellularsystemsemployeitherfrequencydivisionmultipleaccess(FDMA),timedivisionmultipleaccess(TDMA),codedivisionmultipleaccess(CDMA),orspatialdivisionmultipleaccess(SDMA).1IntroductionAwidevarietyofwirelesscommunicationsystemshavebeendevelopedtoprovideaccesstothecommunicationsinfrastructureformobileorfixedusersinamyriadofoperatingenvironments.Mostoftoday’swirelesssystemsarebasedonthecellularradioconcept.Cellularcommunicationsystemsallowalargenumberofmobileuserstoseamlesslyandsimultaneouslycommunicatetowirelessmodemsatfixedbasestationsusingalimitedamountofradiofrequency(RF)spectrum.TheRFtransmissionsreceivedatthebasestationsfromeachmobilearetranslatedtobaseband,ortoawidebandmicrowavelink,andrelayedtomobileswitchingcenters(MSC),whichconnectthemobiletransmissionswiththePublicSwitchedTelephoneNetwork(PSTN).Similarly,communicationsfromthePSTNaresenttothebasestation,wheretheyaretransmittedtothemobile.Cellularsystemsemployeitherfrequencydivisionmultipleaccess(FDMA),timedivisionmultipleaccess(TDMA),codedivisionmultipleaccess(CDMA),orspatialdivisionmultipleaccess(SDMA).Wirelesscommunicationlinksexperiencehostilephysicalchannelcharacteristics,suchastime-varyingmultipathandshadowingduetolargeobjectsinthepropagationpath.Inaddition,theperformanceofwirelesscellularsystemstendstobelimitedbyinterferencefromotherusers,andforthatreason,itisimportanttohaveaccuratetechniquesformodelinginterference.Thesecomplexchannelconditionsaredifficulttodescribewithasimpleanalyticalmodel,althoughseveralmodelsdoprovideanalyticaltractabilitywithreasonableagreementtomeasuredchanneldata.However,evenwhenthechannelismodeledinananalyticallyelegantmanner,inthevastmajorityofsituationsitisstilldifficultorimpossibletoconstructanalyticalsolutionsforlinkperformancewhenerrorcontrolcoding,equalization,diversity,andnetworkmodelsarefactoredintothelinkmodel.Simulationapproaches,therefore,areusuallyrequiredwhenanalyzingtheperformanceofcellularcommunicationlinks.Likewirelesslinks,thesystemperformanceofacellularradiosystemismosteffectivelymodeledusingsimulation,duetothedifficultyinmodelingalargenumberofrandomeventsovertimeandspace.Theserandomevents,suchasthelocationofusers,thenumberofsimultaneoususersinthesystem,thepropagationconditions,interferenceandpowerlevelsettingsofeachuser,andthetrafficdemandsofeachuser,combinetogethertoimpacttheoverallperformanceseenbyatypicaluserinthecellularsystem.Theaforementionedvariablesarejustasmallsamplingofthemanykeyphysicalmechanismsthatdictatetheinstantaneousperformanceofaparticularuseratanytimewithinthesystem.Thetermcellularradiosystem,therefore,referstotheentirepopulationofmobileusersandbasestationsthroughoutthegeographicservicearea,asopposedtoasinglelinkthatconnectsasinglemobileusertoasinglebasestation.Todesignforaparticularsystem-levelperformance,suchasthelikelihoodofaparticularuserhavingacceptableservicethroughoutthesystem,itisnecessarytoconsiderthecomplexityofmultipleusersthataresimultaneouslyusingthesystemthroughoutthecoveragearea.Thus,simulationisneededtoconsiderthemulti-usereffectsuponanyoftheindividuallinksbetweenthemobileandthebasestation.Thelinkperformanceisasmall-scalephenomenon,whichdealswiththeinstantaneouschangesinthechanneloverasmalllocalarea,orsmalltimeduration,overwhichtheaveragereceivedpowerisassumedconstant.Suchassumptionsaresensibleinthedesignoferrorcontrolcodes,equalizers,andothercomponentsthatservetomitigatethetransienteffectscreatedbythechannel.However,inordertodeterminetheoverallsystemperformanceofalargenumberofusersspreadoverawidegeographicarea,itisnecessarytoincorporatelarge-scaleeffectssuchasthestatisticalbehaviorofinterferenceandsignallevelsexperiencedbyindividualusersoverlargedistances,whileignoringthetransientchannelcharacteristics.Onemaythinkoflink-levelsimulationasbeingavernieradjustmentontheperformanceofacommunicationsystem,andthesystem-levelsimulationasbeingacoarse,yetimportant,approximationoftheoveralllevelofqualitythatanyusercouldexpectatanytime.Cellularsystemsachievehighcapacity(e.g.,servealargenumberofusers)byallowingthemobilestationstoshare,orreuseacommunicationchannelindifferentregionsofthegeographicservicearea.Channelreuseleadstoco-channelinterferenceamonguserssharingthesamechannel,whichisrecognizedasoneofthemajorlimitingfactorsofperformanceandcapacityofacellularsystem.Anappropriateunderstandingoftheeffectsofco-channelinterferenceonthecapacityandperformanceisthereforerequiredwhendeployingcellularsystems,orwhenanalyzinganddesigningsystemmethodolo