Renewable energy resources_ Current status, future

Renewableenergyresources:Currentstatus,futureprospectsandtheirenablingtechnologyOmarEllabbana,b,n,HaithamAbu-Rubb,FredeBlaabjergcaDepartmentofPowerandElectricalMachines,FacultyofEngineering,HelwanUniversity,Cairo11790,EgyptbElectricalandComputerEngineeringDepartment,TexasA&MUniversityatQatar,Doha23874,QatarcDepartmentofEnergyTechnology,AalborgUniversity,9220AalborgØ,DenmarkarticleinfoArticlehistory:Received24September2013Receivedinrevisedform11July2014Accepted11July2014Availableonline6August2014Keywords:BiomassenergyGeothermalenergyHydropowerenergyMarineenergySolarenergyWindenergySmartgridabstractElectricenergysecurityisessential,yetthehighcostandlimitedsourcesoffossilfuels,inadditiontotheneedtoreducegreenhousegassesemission,havemaderenewableresourcesattractiveinworldenergy-basedeconomies.Thepotentialforrenewableenergyresourcesisenormousbecausetheycan,inprinciple,exponentiallyexceedtheworld'senergydemand;therefore,thesetypesofresourceswillhaveasignificantshareinthefutureglobalenergyportfolio,muchofwhichisnowconcentratingonadvancingtheirpoolofrenewableenergyresources.Accordingly,thispaperpresentshowrenewableenergyresourcesarecurrentlybeingused,scientificdevelopmentstoimprovetheiruse,theirfutureprospects,andtheirdeployment.Additionally,thepaperrepresentstheimpactofpowerelectronicsandsmartgridtechnologiesthatcanenabletheproportionateshareofrenewableenergyresources.&2014ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.Contents1.Introduction........................................................................................................7492.Descriptionofrenewableenergysources.................................................................................7492.1.Biomassenergy...............................................................................................7492.2.Geothermalenergy............................................................................................7502.3.Hydropowerenergy............................................................................................7512.4.Marineenergy................................................................................................7522.5.Solarenergy..................................................................................................7522.5.1.Photovoltaic...........................................................................................7522.5.2.Concentratingsolarpower...............................................................................7542.5.3.Solarthermalheatingandcooling.........................................................................7542.6.Windenergy.................................................................................................7543.Renewableenergy:Benefits,growth,investmentanddeployment............................................................7564.Powerelectronicsinrenewableenergysystems...........................................................................7595.Smartgridenablerenewables.........................................................................................7626.Conclusion.........................................................................................................763References.............................................................................................................763ContentslistsavailableatScienceDirectjournalhomepage:://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.1131364-0321/&2014ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.nCorrespondingauthor.Tel.:þ97444230637;fax:þ97444230011.E-mailaddresses:[e-mail](O.Ellabban),[e-mail](H.Abu-Rub),[e-mail](F.Blaabjerg).RenewableandSustainableEnergyReviews39(2014)748–7641.IntroductionConventionalenergysourcesbasedonoil,coal,andnaturalgashaveproventobehighlyeffectivedriversofeconomicprogress.However,withtherapiddepletionofconventionalenergysourcesandincreasingenergydemand,worldwideprimaryenergycon-sumptionhasgrownby1.8%in2012[1].Duetocertainenviron-mentalissues,manyrelatedorganizationshaveencouragedintensiveresearchformoreefficientandgreenpowerplantsutilizingadvancedtechnology.Sinceenvironmentalprotectionconcernsareincreasing,bothcleanfueltechnologiesandnewenergiesarebeingintensivelypursuedandinvestigated.Infact,fossilfuelandrenewableenergyprices,socialandenvironmentalcostsaremovinginoppositedirectionsandtheeconomicandpolicymechanismsneededtosupportthewidespreaddissemina-tionofsustainablemarketsforrenewableenergysystemsarerapidlyevolving.Itisclearthatfuturegrowthintheenergysectorisprimarilyinthenewregimeofrenewable.Therefore,shiftingtorenewableenergycanhelpusmeetthedualgoalsofreducinggreenhousegasemissions,therebylimitingfutureextremeweatherandclimateimpacts,andensuringreliable,timely,andcost-efficientdeliveryofenergy.Investinginrenewableenergycanhavesignificantdividendsforourenergysecurity.Renewableenergiesareenergysourcesthatarecontinuallyreplenishedbynatureandderiveddirectlyfromthesun(suchasthermal,photo-chemical,and