Battery Requirements for Plug-In Hybrid Electric V

ConferencePaperNREL/CP-540-42240July2009BatteryRequirementsforPlug-InHybridElectricVehicles–AnalysisandRationaleA.A.PesaranandT.MarkelNationalRenewableEnergyLaboratoryH.S.TatariaGeneralMotorsCorporationD.HowellU.S.DepartmentofEnergyPresentedatthe23rdInternationalElectricVehicleSymposium(EVS-23)Anaheim,CaliforniaDecember2–5,2007NOTICEThesubmittedmanuscripthasbeenofferedbyanemployeeoftheAllianceforSustainableEnergy,LLC(ASE),acontractoroftheUSGovernmentunderContractNo.DE-AC36-08-GO28308.Accordingly,theUSGovernmentandASEretainanonexclusiveroyalty-freelicensetopublishorreproducethepublishedformofthiscontribution,orallowotherstodoso,forUSGovernmentpurposes.ThisreportwaspreparedasanaccountofworksponsoredbyanagencyoftheUnitedStatesgovernment.NeithertheUnitedStatesgovernmentnoranyagencythereof,noranyoftheiremployees,makesanywarranty,expressorimplied,orassumesanylegalliabilityorresponsibilityfortheaccuracy,completeness,orusefulnessofanyinformation,apparatus,product,orprocessdisclosed,orrepresentsthatitsusewouldnotinfringeprivatelyownedrights.Referencehereintoanyspecificcommercialproduct,process,orservicebytradename,trademark,manufacturer,orotherwisedoesnotnecessarilyconstituteorimplyitsendorsement,recommendation,orfavoringbytheUnitedStatesgovernmentoranyagencythereof.TheviewsandopinionsofauthorsexpressedhereindonotnecessarilystateorreflectthoseoftheUnitedStatesgovernmentoranyagencythereof.Availableelectronicallyat:U.S.DepartmentofEnergyOfficeofScientificandTechnicalInformationP.O.Box62OakRidge,TN37831-0062phone:[phone]fax:[phone]email:mailto:[e-mail]public,inpaper,from:U.S.DepartmentofCommerceNationalTechnicalInformationService5285PortRoyalRoadSpringfield,VA22161phone:[phone]fax:[phone]email:[e-mail]:–AnalysisandRationaleAHMADA.PESARANandTONYMARKELNationalRenewableEnergyLaboratory1617ColeBlvd.,Golden,CO80401USAPrincipalEngineer,Tel:[phone];Fax:[phone];[e-mail],Tel:[phone];Fax:[phone];[e-mail]RProgramManagerGeneralMotorsCorporation30001VanDykeAve.,MC480-210-427,Warren,MI48092USATel:[phone];Fax:[phone];[e-mail]ageR&D,VehicleTechnologiesProgramU.S.DepartmentofEnergyEE-2G,1000IndependenceAve.,S.W.,Washington,DC,20585USATel:[phone];Fax:[phone];[e-mail]-inhybridelectricvehicles(PHEVs)havethepotentialtodisplaceasignificantamountofpetroleuminthenext10to20years.ThemainbarrierstothecommercializationofPHEVsarethecost,safety,andlifeofbatteries.Therefore,theU.S.DepartmentofEnergyandautocompanieshaveembarkedonaprogramtodevelopbatteriesforPHEVs.Definingbatterytargetsorrequirementstobenchmarkprogressisessential.InsupportoftheU.S.AdvancedBatteryConsortium(USABC),vehicleanalysisandbatterysizingstudieswereperformedtorecommendbatteryrequirements.Theanalysisprocessincludeddefiningvehicleplatforms,vehicleperformancetargets,thedesiredequivalentelectricrangeoperatingstrategy(allelectricorblended),andthestate-of-chargewindow.Basedontheanalysis,USABCmembersrecommendedtwocategoriesofbatteries:onefora10-mileequivalentelectricvehicle(EV)range(highpower/energyratio)andonefora40-mileEVrange(highenergy/powerratio).Foursetsofrequirementsweredefined:(1)system-level(rangepackcost,calendarlife,volume,weight,andenergyefficiency);(2)charge-depletinghybridEV(HEV)mode(2-secondand10-seconddischargepower,10-secondregenerativebrakingpower,availableenergyatconstantpower,numberofdeepcycles,maximumrechargerate);(3)charge-sustainingHEVmode(availableenergyforcharge-sustainingoperation,coldcrankingpower,numberofshallowcharge-sustainingcycles);and(4)batterylimits(maximumcurrent,maximumandminimumvoltage,operatingandsurvivaltemperatures).Inthispaper,wepresenttheassumptions,theanalysis,discussions,andtheresultingrequirementsadoptedbyUSABC.Keywords:Plug-inhybridelectricvehicles,PHEV,battery,EVrange,charge-depleting1.IntroductionAplug-inhybridelectricvehicle(PHEV)isahybridelectricvehicle(HEV)withtheabilitytorechargeitsenergystoragesystemwithelectricityfromanoff-boardpowersourcesuchasagrid.ThekeyadvantageofPHEVtechnologyrelativetohybridelectricandconventionalvehiclesisfuelflexibility.APHEVusesstoredelectricalenergytopropelthevehicleandreducepetroleumconsumptionbythe2combustionengine.Thisprovidesanopportunitytodriveprimarilyinelectricmodeandreduceemissionsincongestedcitiesaroundtheworld.AstudybySimpsonestimatesthataPHEVwithusableelectricalenergystorageequivalentto20milesofelectrictravel(PHEV20)wouldreducepetroleumconsumptionby45%relativetothatofacomparableconventionalcombustionenginevehicle[1].Plug-inhybridelectricvehicleshavethepotentialtodisp