determiners限定词详解

Determiners『限定词』◆I.Ageneralreviewofdeterminersdefinitionfunctionclassification◆II.Articles◆III.Numerals◆IV.Theusageofotherdeterminers◆V.CollocationsbetweendeterminersThedefinition(定义)ofdeterminersWordsthatareusedwithanoun,andthatlimitthemeaningofthenouninsomeway.--denoting(表示)suchreferential(指称)meaningsasspecificreference,genericreference,definitequantityorindefinitequantity.the/thatboy(specificreference特指)aboy(genericreference类指)some/manyboys(indefinitequantity非确定数量)tenboys(definitequantity确定数量)▲ThefunctionofdeterminersThenewgasstoveinthekitchenwhichIboughtlastmonthhasaveryefficientoven.Thestovehasaveryefficientoven.Stovehasaveryefficientoven.Newstove/Gasstovehasaveryefficientoven.限定词与名词一起构成名词词组，是构成名词词组，乃至句子的不可缺少的组成部分。▲∨××Theclassification(分类)ofdeterminersInEnglishthefollowingwordscanbeusedasdeterminers:1)articles(冠词):definite/indefinite/zeroarticlese.g.:apencil,thegarden,horses2)possessivedeterminers(物主限定词)e.g.:herhouse,mybicycle3)genitivenouns(名词属格)e.g.:Mary’sroom,myfriend’sbooks4)demonstrativedeterminers(指示限定词)e.g.:thisbox,thatcar,thesepeople,thosestudents,suchbread5)relativedeterminers(关系限定词)e.g.:Thebookwhoseplotcentersroundanoldnoblefamilyisinteresting.▼6)interrogativedeterminers(疑问限定词)e.g.:Whosebooksarethese?7)indefinitedeterminers(不定限定词)e.g.:no,some,any,each,every,enough,either,neither,all,both,half,several,many,much,(a)few,(a)little,other,another,etc.8)numerals(数词):cardinal/ordinal/fractional(分数的)andmultiplicative(倍数的)numeralse.g.:threechairs,thefirstday,two-thirdsofthestudents,twicetheamount9)quantifiers(量词)e.g.:alotof,lotsof,plentyof,agreatdealof,alargeamount/quantityof,agreat/large/goodnumberof,etc.▲最常见、使用频率最高的限定词~~~~~Articles『冠词』(adeterminerthatmayindicatethespecificity[专一性，专属性]ofreferenceofanounphrase)•1.冠词与名词的搭配•2.冠词的主要用法•3.冠词的固定短语▲1.冠词与名词的搭配(collocation)冠词(article)单数可数名词(countn.sing.)复数可数名词(countn.pl.)不可数名词(non-countn.)a/an不定冠词(indefinitearticle)the定冠词(definitearticle)ф零冠词(zeroarticle)√abook××√thebook√thebooks√thebread×√books√bread▲2.冠词的主要用法•2.1不定冠词的用法•2.2定冠词的用法•2.3零冠词的用法▲2.1不定冠词的用法1）表示“一个”人或事物。achildagarden但强调“一”时，则用“one”。Iwanttobuyonecopy,nottwo.2）表示“一类”人或事物。Ateacherisonewhoteachesinschool.Atractorismoreusefulthanahorse.3）在某些固定搭配中。haveawordwith▲2.2定冠词的用法1）用于表示叙述中第二次提到的，或谈话双方都知道的人或事物。Mr.Wang’suncleworksatauniversity.TheuniversityisinShanghai.Closethedoor,please.2）用于单数可数名词前，表种类。ThetelephonewasinventedbyBell.Theearlybirdcatchestheworms.3）用于表示世界上独一无二的事物，以及表示江河、海洋、山脉、群岛和沙漠等地理名称。theUniversetheBibletheYangtseRiverthePhilippineIslandsthePacificOceantheRockyMountainstheSaharaDesert•【注】海岛、山峰及湖泊等地理名称前一般不用冠词。•TaiwanIslandMountJolmoLungmaLakeMichigan•但被“of”短语修饰时要加定冠词。•theLakeofGenevatheIslandofTaiwan•▼4）用于被限定意味较强的定语（特别是定语从句和of短语结构）修饰的名词前。thebookyouboughtyesterdaythehistoryofChina(cf.Chinesehistory)5）用于西洋乐器名称前，表示演奏某种乐器。playtheviolin(thepiano…)【注】演奏的中国传统乐器名称前不用冠词。player-hu/pi-pa6）用于姓氏的复数形式和民族名称前，表示全家和整个民族。TheTurnersaresittingatbreakfasttable.TheChineseareabraveandhardworkingpeople.【注】不定冠词和定冠词有时用于姓氏前，表示不定或特定的意味。AMr.Smithcalledwhileyouwereout.(不定冠词用于表示只知其名但不熟悉的人)I’dliketoseetheMr.Smithwhoworksintheboxoffice.(定冠词用于特指某个姓氏的人)▲2.3零冠词的用法1）专有名词（国名、地名、人名）前：ChinaMaryPekingUniversity•当专有名词是由几个普通名词或带有形容词修饰语的名词词组构成时，通常要用定冠词the。theUnitedStatestheWhiteHousetheRedSquare2）不可数名词、复数可数名词表示泛指时不用定冠词。Failureisthemotherofsuccess.Withoutwatermancannotlive.Teachersgenerallylikediligentstudents.3）在季节、月份、节日、假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前，不加冠词。WegotoschoolfromMondaytoFriday.Summeriscoming.▼4）在称呼或表示官衔、职位的名词前不加冠词（作主语时除外）。Nelsonbecamemonitorofourclass.(ambassador,generalmanager…)5）在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前，不加冠词。havebreakfastplaychess6）当by与火车等交通工具连用，表示一种方式时，中间无冠词。bybusbytrain7）有些个体名词不用冠词，如school，college，prison，market，hospital，bed，table，class，town，church，court等个体名词，直接置于介词后，表示该名词的深层含义。gotohospital去医院看病gotothehospital去医院▼【注】冠词+普通名词表类/属/泛指(1)a(n)+单数可数名词•Atigerisafierceanimal.(2)the+单数可数名词•Thetigerisafierceanimal.(3)ф+复数可数名词•Tigersarefierceanimals.(4)ф+不可数名词•Bloodisthickerthanwater.(5)the+形容词•Theoldareapttocatchcold.▼【注】冠词+可数名词表类/属的几种方式的区别•(1)a(n)+单数可数名词•Atigerisafierceanimal.•用一个具体的例子代表一类•(2)the+单数可数名词•Thetigerisafierceanimal.•概括一类事物，以区别另一类•(3)ф+复数可数名词•Tigersarefierceanimals.•通过泛指概括一类事物的全体▲3.冠词的固定短语3.1不定冠词的固定搭配•allofasuddencometoanend•asarulehaveawordwith•asawholehaveacold•inawaymakealiving•It’sapitythattakeawalk•havearestbeinahurry•atalosshaveagoodtime•inawordtakeaninterestin•makeafortune…▼3.2定冠词的固定搭配•bythewayintheair•inthemorningintheevening•intheendinthemeanwhile•onthecontraryontheincrease/decrease•onthespotoutofthequestion•onthewholeontheaverage•inthesuntothepoint•playthefoolontheright▼3.3零冠词的固定搭配•atfirstatlast•attableatdesk•onfootbyair/water/land/car/ship•indebtintrouble•atnightafterdark•bychanceindetail•inhospitalinbed•gotoschoolgotobed•setsailincommon▲Numerals数词1.基数词★基数词本身无复数，习惯用语除外。cf.fivehundredpeople（基数词）hundredsofpeople（习惯用语）其它习语：thousandsoftensofthousandsofmillionsofhundredsuponhundredsof★数词与名词构成复合定语时，中间一般有连字符，且只用名词的单数形式。afive-weekholidayatwo-thousand-wordreport▼2.序数词★序数词前一般要用定冠词the，但有时也用a，其含义为“又一次（个）”。cf.(a)IlostthefirsttwogamesbutImanagedtowin