太阳能电池设计参考

ln(L1)SolarCell基础知识：不论是一般的化学电池还是太阳能电池,其输出特性一般都是用如下图所示的电流-电压曲线来表示.由光电池的伏安特性曲线,可以得到描述太阳能电池的四个输出参数.图9.1太阳电池和锰干电池的IV曲线①开路电压VocR=∞,I=0,即:IL=IF.将I=0代入光电池的电流电压方程,得开路电压为:kTqIIS(9.1)②短路电流Isc如将pn结短路（V=0）,因而IF=0,这时所得的电流为短路电流Isc.显然,短路电流等于光生电流,即:Isc=IL.③填充因子FF它表示了最大输出功率点所对应的矩形面积在Voc和Isc所组成的矩形面积中所占的百分比.特性好的太阳能电池就是能获得较大功率输出的太阳能电池,也就是Voc,Isc和FF乘积较大的电池.对于有合适效率的电池,该值应在0.70-0.85范围之内.9-2其值越大表示太阳能电池的输出功率越大.FF的值始终小于l.FF可由下列经验公式给出:1ln（）(9.2)式中VOC是归一化的开路电压,即UOC/(nKT/q).当VOC15时,该公式的精度可达4位有效数字.实际上,由于受串联电阻和并联电阻的影响,实际太阳能电池填充因子的值要低于上式所给出的理想值.④能量转化效率η它表示入射的太阳光能量有多少能转换为有效的电能.η=（太阳能电池的输出功率/入射的太阳光功率)×100%=（VOPIOP/PinS）×100%=VOCISCFFPinS(9.3)Example1:单晶硅太阳能电池在本例中,将首先用ATHENA模拟的是晶体硅太阳能电池的结构(pn结),接着用ATLAS模拟太阳能电池的一些基本性质:Voc、Isc、光谱反应及考虑增加增透膜后对光谱反应的影响.在太阳能电池的模拟实验中,将考虑到外部光源的影响.因此,模拟中将用到BEAM语句.例1:单色光beamnum=1wavelength=0.6x=0.5y=-2.0ang=90.0min=-0.1max=0.1\Min.power=0.05该语句定义了一传输角度为90度、波长为0.6μm的单色光,其起始坐标为(0.6,-0.5).当光强降至初始光功率的5%时传输终止.(入射光线图如图10.3)例2:多光谱光线beamnum=2x=0.0y=-1.0ang=45.0power.file=source.spcwavel.start=0.4\wavel.end=0.6wave.num=4该语句定义一起始于(0.0,-1.0)、入射角度为45度的多光谱光线.该光线由光谱文件soure.spc引入,波长范围为0.4μm至0.6μm.图9.3入射光线图此外,本实验还将用到增透膜(或称减反射膜,anti–reflectioncoating).INTERFACE语句可用来2定义增透膜及其界面的光学性质.参数ar.Chick定义膜厚;ar.Index定义折射率.绝大数情况下,单层增透膜厚度等于1/4波长(在膜里).对于多层膜,必须通过参数coating和layer来详细阐述.如果膜由吸收物质制作而成,还应该引入ar.Absorb参数进行考虑.模拟程序goathena#网格定义linexloc=0.00spac=1linexloc=10spac=1#lineyloc=0.00spac=0.05lineyloc=0.25spac=0.02lineyloc=1spac=0.1lineyloc=50spac=10#衬底定义initsiliconc.boron=1.0e14orientation=100#淀积氧化层depositoxidethickness=0.05div=1#离子注入形成n+层implantphosdose=1e15energy=30#退火处理diffusetime=10temp=900#提取结深extractname=junc_depthxjmaterial=Siliconmat.occno=1x.val=0.1junc.occno=1#形成接触etchoxiderightp1.x=8depositalumthickness=0.1div=3etchalumleftp1.x=8#网格间距加大#relaxy.min=0.6是指将y方向上从0.6到y的最大值范围内的网格减少一半relaxy.min=0.6relaxy.min=2.0relaxy.min=10#镜像以获得完整结构structuremirrorright#电极定义3electrodename=cathodex=10electrodename=anodebackside#保存结构structureoutf=optoex08_0.strgoatlas#设置接触材料铝不透明materialmaterial=Aluminumimag.index=1000#设置硅的性质#衬底硅中电子、空穴的复合寿命为1e-6smaterialmaterial=Silicontaun0=1e-6taup0=1e-6#光照性质定义#定义光线是单色光,出发点为(10.0,-2.0),垂直入射,且太阳光谱文件来自外部文件（指文件#optoex08.spec,它包含AM0太阳光谱数据.）beamnum=1x.origin=10.0y.origin=-2.0angle=90.0power.file=optoex08.spec#保存光强性质至solution文件outputopt.int#模型定义modelsconmobfldmobsrhprintsolve#获取短路电流logoutf=optoex08_0.logsolveb1=1.0e-15#定义光功率extractname=short_circuit_currentmax(abs(i.cathode))saveoutf=optoex08_1.str#获取开路电压solveinitcontactname=cathodecurrent#为了设定电流为零,先设置电流边界条件solveicathode=0b1=1e-15extractname=open_circuit_voltagemax(abs(vint.cathode))saveoutf=optoex08_2.strtonyplotoptoex08_2.strgoatlas##光谱反应(spectralresponse)求解#materialmaterial=Aluminumimag.index=10004#materialmaterial=Silicontaun0=1e-6taup0=1e-6#beamnum=1x.origin=10.0y.origin=-2.0angle=90.0#outputopt.intmodelsconmobfldmobsrhprint#spectralresponsesolveinitb1=0logoutf=optoex08_2.logsolveb1=1lambda=0.3solveb1=1lambda=0.35solveb1=1lambda=0.4solveb1=1lambda=0.45solveb1=1lambda=0.5solveb1=1lambda=0.55solveb1=1lambda=0.6solveb1=1lambda=0.65solveb1=1lambda=0.7solveb1=1lambda=0.75solveb1=1lambda=0.8solveb1=1lambda=0.85solveb1=1lambda=0.9solveb1=1lambda=0.95solveb1=1lambda=1.00tonyplotoptoex08_2.log-setoptoex08_3.setgoatlas##考虑增透膜的情形##网格重新定义meshspace.mult=1.0x.meshloc=0.0spacing=10.0x.meshloc=10.0spacing=10.0y.meshloc=0.0spacing=0.2y.meshloc=50.0spacing=0.2regionnum=1material=Silicon5#elecname=cathodebottom#dopinguniformconc=1e14n.type#defineabeam(besuretoincludeREFLECTandBACKparameters)#定义入射线数目、起始点、入射角度、考虑反射及窗口大小、最小光功率beamnum=1x.origin=5.0y.origin=-1.0angle=90.0back.reflfront.reflreflect=5min.w=-2\max.w=2min.power=0.001solveinitlogoutf=optoex09_noarc.logsolvesolvesolvesolvesolvesolvesolvesolvesolvesolvesolvesolvesolvesolvesolvesolvesolvesolvesolvesolvesolveb1=1lambda=0.3index.checkb1=1lambda=0.325index.checkb1=1lambda=0.35index.checkb1=1lambda=0.375index.checkb1=1lambda=0.4index.checkb1=1lambda=0.425index.checkb1=1lambda=0.45index.checkb1=1lambda=0.475index.checkb1=1lambda=0.5index.checkb1=1lambda=0.525index.checkb1=1lambda=0.55index.checkb1=1lambda=0.575index.checkb1=1lambda=0.6index.checkb1=1lambda=0.625index.checkb1=1lambda=0.65index.checkb1=1lambda=0.675index.checkb1=1lambda=0.7index.checkb1=1lambda=0.725index.checkb1=1lambda=0.75index.checkb1=1lambda=0.775index.checkb1=1lambda=0.8index.checklogoffgoatlasmeshspace.mult=1.0x.meshloc=0.0x.meshloc=10.0y.meshloc=0.0y.meshloc=50.0spacing=10.0spacing=10.0spacing=0.2spacing=0.2regionnum=1material=Silicon6#elecname=cathodebottom#dopinguniformconc=1e14n.type#defineabeam(besuretoincludeREFLECTandBACKparameters)beamnum=1x.origin=5.0y.origin=-1.0angle=90.0back.reflfront.reflreflect=5min.w=-2\max.w=2min.power=0.001#定义增透膜（一层）interfaceopticalar.index=2.05ar.thick=0.07p1.x=0.0p1.y=0.0p2.x=10.0p2.y=0.0solveinitlogoutf=optoex09_1arc.logsolvesolvesolvesolvesolvesolvesolvesolvesolvesolvesolvesolvesolvesolvesolvesolvesolvesolvesolvesolvesolveb1=1lambda=0.3index.checkb1=1lambda=0.325index.checkb1=1lambda=0.35index.checkb1=1lambda=0.375index.checkb1=1lambda=0.4in