The Nightingale and the Rose夜莺与玫瑰

TheNightingaleandtheRoseTheAuthorTheWorksFairyTaleTheImageryOscarWildewasthesecondsonbornintoanAnglo-Irish(英裔爱尔兰人)family,atDublin.AfamousEnglishpoet,dramatistandwriter,EnglishLiteratureinthehistoryofaestheticmovement(唯美主义文艺思潮)andthefounderofoneofthechiefadvocatesof“artforart‘ssake”,withautilitarianobject(功利主义的对象)tocolorliterature,thatliteratureshouldnotbe.Byanymoralstandarddisposable(可任意处理的).Heisalsothedecadent(颓废的)Britishliterature.“Artforart’ssake”istheusualEnglishrendition(引渡)ofaFrenchslogan,fromtheearly19thcentury,“L’artpourl’art”，andexpressesaphilosophythattheintrinsic(本质的)valueofart,andtheonly“true”art,isdivorcedfromanydidactic(说教的),moralorutilitarian(功利主义的)function.Suchworksaresometimesdescribedas“autotelic”(本身具有目的的),fromtheGreekautotelic,fromtheGreekautoteles,“completeinitself”(本身具有目的的自我完成),aconcept(观念)thathasbeenexpandedtoembrace(信奉)“inner—directed”(不随俗的)or“self—motivated”(自觉实践的)humanbeings.Wilde‘sfatherWilliamwasadoctorandrenownedphilanthropist(慈善家).Williamalsowrotebooksonarchaeology(考古学)andfolklore(民俗学),andhismotherJanewasasuccessfulwriter,poetandalife-longIrishnationalist(民族独立主义者)bothhighqualityartsandculture,toexert(受到)animperceptible(难以察觉的)influenceonhisinspiration(灵感)inliteratureandarts.IntheOxfordUniversitystudent,OscarWildeinfluencedbyhisteacherRuskin,togetherwiththeirowntalentandbegantryingtocreate.InJune1855,thefamilymovedtoMerrionSquareinafashionableresidentialarea(上流社会的住宅区),whereWilde‘ssister,Isola,wasborn.Oscarwaseducatedathomeuptotheageofnine.HeattendedPortoraRoyalSchool(普拉托皇家学校)inFermanaghfromtheagesofninetosixteen.AfterleavingPortora,WildestudiedclassicsatTrinityCollege(圣三一学院),from1871to1874,sharingroomswithhisolderbrotherWilliefortwoyears.Hewasanoutstandingstudent,andwontheBerkeleyGoldMedal(伯克利金质奖章),thehighestawardavailabletoclassicsstudentsatTrinity.HewasawardedascholarshiptoMagdalenCollege(牛津大学的莫德林学院),wherehecontinuedhisstudiesfrom1874to1878andwherehebecameapartoftheAestheticmovement,oneofitstenetsbeingtomakeanartoflife.Wildehadalessthanhappyrelationshipwiththeprestigious(有声望的)OxfordUnion(牛津学联).Onmatriculating(录取)intheautumnof1874,WildeappliedtojointheUnion,butfailedtobeelected,afactwhichcametolightonlyrecently.WhentheUnion‘slibrarianrequestedapresentationcopy(抄印)ofPoems,Wildecomplied(编辑).Afteradebate(争论)calledbyOliverElton,thegiftwascondemnedforsupposedplagiarism(剽窃),andreturned.WhileatMagdalen,hewontheNewdigatePrize(扭迪吉特奖)forhispoem“Ravenna”《拉芬纳》,whichhereadoutatEncaenia.Hefailed,though,towintheChancellor’s(校长的)EnglishEssayPrizeforanessaythatwouldbepublishedposthumouslyasTheRiseofHistoricalCriticism(历史批判的兴起)(1909).InNovember1878,hegraduatedwithadoublefirstinclassicalmoderations(古典学科)andLiteralHumaniores(人文科学).AftergraduatedfromOxford,WildereturnedtoDublin,wherehemetandcourtedBalcombe.She,however,becameengaged(约会)toawriter.Onhearingofthis,WildewrotetoherstatinghisintentiontoleaveIrelandpermanently(永久地).HespentthenextsixyearsinLondonandParis,andintheUnitedStates,wherehetraveledtodeliver(发表)lectures.InLondon,hemetLloyd,ShewasvisitingDublinin1884,whenOscarwasinthecitytogivelecturesattheGaietyTheatre.Heproposed(求婚)toher,andtheymarriedinLondon.Constance‘sallowance(零用钱)of£250allowedtheWilde`stoliveinrelativeluxury(奢侈).Thecouplehadtwosons.AfterOscar‘sdownfall,Constancetookthesurname(给…姓氏)Hollandforherselfandtheboys.CyrilwaskilledinFranceinWorldWarI.Vyvyanalsoservedinthewarandlaterbecameanauthorandtranslator.In1895，MarquessofQueensberryfoundhissonDouglascalledBosiewaskeptcompanywithWildeforfouryears,andchargedWilde.Thenhewenttotheclubstuck“ToOscarWilde——MincingSodemite(装腔作势的鸡奸客）”.AfterthatDouglasgotangry,thenheaskedWildetoappellatecourt.Buthefailedandevenbeencommittingactsofgrossindecencywithothermalepersons(与其他男性发生有伤风化的行为).Accordingtothelaw,WildewasadjudgedtoprisonfortwoyearsinReadingGaol.Inthistwoyears,hestopedwritingdramaandsetaboutwritingpoem.Atthistime,hisstylewaschanged.MostofHisfamilyandfriendswerestayedawayfromhim.In1895,hewasreleasedonbail.Butbeforelong,becausetheysaidhewasamolester(猥亵者）.Thenhehadtobealabourerfortwoyears.In1897,heleftforParisdisappointedly.AndDouglascametofoundhim,theytraveledPairs.Butafterthejourneytheybrokeup.HewentbacktotheRossandlivedwithhim.AlthoughWildelovedDouglas,Rossstillgavehimlotsofhelps.Soonhediedoftubercularmeningitis(脑膜炎）inahotelinPairs,46yearsold.OnlyRossandaanotherfriendwerewithhim.他以不完美的童话反复叩问生活中处处存在的矛盾与悖论、影射现实社会的困顿与复杂，以曲折的方式展现他对艺术、爱情及人生完美而纯粹的追求，亦用自己的作品预言了他独特的人生路线：生前走在享乐主义与感官主义的边缘，摇摆于物质与精神之间，对爱情既渴望又绝望，临终前于孤寂中皈依了天主教，投入基督的怀抱，和他笔下的悲剧人物一般，得到他真正的心灵安宁。我不想谋生，我想生活。我喜欢有未来的男人和有过去的女人。我们都生活在阴沟里，但然有人仰望星空。Wildeissuchacontradictioninthesame.Poems1881TheTruthofMasks1889HepictureofDorianGray1891LadyWindermere’sFan1892AWomanofNoImportance1892Salome1893TheImportanceofBeingEarnest1895ThehappyprinceThenightingaleandtheroseTheselfishGiantThedevotedfriendTheremarkablerocketTheyoungkingThebirthdayoftheinfantaThefishermanandhissoulThestar-childTheCantervilleGhostTheModelMillionaireItisalongletterthatWildewrotetohishomosexualDouglas.ItcompletedwhenW