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1介词一,介词的分类1.简单介词,是指单个的介词如:in,on,at,on,to,with等2.合成介词,是指两个简单介词合在一起构成的介词如:into,onto,without,inside3.短语介词,是指一个或两个简单介词与一个或几个其他词类的词组合,在意义和作用上相当于一个简单介词的短语如:insteadof代替becauseof因为accordingto按照infrontof在...的前面二,表示时间的介词1.at表示具体的时间点如:ateighto’clock联想:at构成的固定短语:atfirst首先atleast至少atpresent目前atnoon在中午attheageof在...岁时atthemoment在目前,现在atthesametime同时atschool在上学attheendof在。。。末如:Insomewesterncountriesshopsareclosed___________weekends.2.in用于年,月,季节,上午,下午,晚上等。inMarch在三月inspring在春天in2008在2008年inthemorning/afternoon/evening注意:in表示在某一季节或某一月份时,一般不加冠词,但季节和月份的意义一旦具体化,就要加定冠词the。如:TheweatherisalittleinMay.AnearthquakehappenedinSichuanintheMayof2008.Insummerchildrenarehappybecausetheycanswim.2联想:in构成的固定短语:handin上交infact事实上insurprise吃惊地insearchof寻找inpublic当众intheend最后,终于innotime立刻,马上inaminute立刻,马上infrontof在...前面inaword一句话,总而言之ingoodhealth身体健康的dowellin在...方面干的不错beinterestedin对...感兴趣incommon共同的showgreatinterestin对。。。感兴趣inthelast/pastseveralyears在过去的几年里3.表示具体的某一天或某一天的早晨,晚上等,用on。如:InthemorningIoftengetupatsixo’clockbut________Sundaymorning,Igetupatseven.Atrafficaccidenthappenednearourschool_________thenightofMay2nd,2014.联想:on构成的固定短语:onboard乘坐(车,飞机)onduty值班,值日onearth到底onfire着火onfoot步行onhire雇佣onholiday度假ontime按时beonshow展览ontheright在右边ontheotherhand另一方面abookonhistory一本关于历史的书onone’swayto在某人去...的路上4.表示时间的since,for,by,during,until(1)since(自从)后跟具体的过去时间,for后接一段时间。for和since短语所在的句子应用现在完成时,谓语动词要用延续性动词。如:Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinmyhometownsincetheyear2000.Wehavelivedinthecityforaboutfiveyears.3(2)by+时间点,意为“到...为止”,如果by后面跟的是将来的时间点,用一般将来时或将来完成时,如果by后面跟一个过去的时间点,用过去完成时。如:Iwillfinisheatingbynineo’clock.Bytheendoflastweek,wehadfinishedlearningUnit5.(3)during+时间段,与延续性动词连用,表示某期间的动作。如:ShehadtrainedhardduringthefouryearstogetreadyforLondonOlympicGames.(4)until+时间点,意为“道...为止”,句中的谓语动词若是非延续性动词,构成句型not...until直到...才如:Westayedthereuntilthesunset.Wedidn’tgohomeuntilthesunset.(5)表示时间前后的before,afterbefore在...之前,after在...之后如:Wemusthandinourhomeworkbeforeclass.Afterhalfpastelevenwecanrelaxourselves.注意:before作为介词,还可以表示“面临,面对”如:Whatshouldyoudobeforesomanydifficulties?Ihadnothingtosaybeforeher.三.表示方位,地点,行为对象等的介词1.表示方位的介词in,to,onin表示包含关系,意为“在。。。范围内”,on表示相邻关系,接壤;to表示相隔关系。如:Chinais________theeastofAsia.Japanis________theeastofChina.Russiais________thenorthofChina.2.表示“上下”等方位的介词over,under,above,below,on(1)over在。。。正上方,其反义词为under4如:Thereisafootballunderthedesk.Ilookedupandsawaplaneflyingovermyhead.(2)above表示“在。。。上方”,非垂直关系,其反义词为below如:Theplaneisflyingabovetheclouds.(3)on在。。。之上,指两者表面接触。其反义词也为under3.表示“前后”的介词和短语介词(1)infrontof在。。。前面,指在范围之外的前面,和before意义接近。如:Therearesomebikesinfrontoftheteachingbuilding.(2)behind是infrontof的反义词,意为“在。。。后面”(3)inthefrontof表示在范围之内的前面,其反义词组是atthebackof4.by,beside在。。。旁边;between在两者之间,among在三者及以上之间(1)by和beside意义相近如:Doyouknowthemanwhoisstandingbythewindow?Lucysitsbesideme.Sheismydeskmate.(2)between指两者之间,也表示三者或多者中的每两者之间;among指三个或三个以上的事物或人之间。注意:between表示两者之间,只要构成双方关系,就可以用between如:Therearesomanydesksintheclassroomthatthereishardlyanyroomtomovebetweenthem.教室里有这么多张课桌,几乎没有空间从它们中间穿过。5.across,through穿过across从表面穿过,through穿越,穿透,透过,指从物体内部穿过。如:(1)Whenyougo________theroad,youmustbecareful.(2)Whichriverruns________Shanghai?(3)--Ileftmykeysintheroomyesterday.Ihadtogetin________thewindow.--It’sdangeroustodothat.A.inB.throughC.overD.to56.表示里外的in,inside,into,onto,outof,outside(1)in在。。。之内如:Mykeysareinmypocket.注意:外来物“在树上”,用in,树上结出的东西“在树上”,用on如:Therearesomebirds________thetree.Autumncomesandsomeredapples________theappletreescomeintopeople’seyes.(2)inside在。。。里面,到。。。里面。反义词为outside如:Listen!Someoneistalkinginalowvoiceinsidethedoor.Don’tstayoutside.(3)into到。。。内。强调空间或状态的转换。反义词为outof如:Whynotgointothehouseandhavealook?Helookedoutofthewindowandsawsomepeoplecomingbackfromwork.注意:outof还有“脱离,失去”等意义。如:Hehasbeenoutofworkforlong.Fishcan’tlivelongoutofwater.7.表示“靠近”的near,nextto,aroundnear在。。。附近nextto在。。。旁边around在。。。周围如:Thereisaparknearourneighborhood.Ididn’tremembertophoneuntilneartheendoftheweek.Themouseisnexttomycomputer.Thatpatientisnexttodeath.Theflowersandapplause(掌声)arealwaysaroundthewinners.注意:around还表示“大约”,同义词:about如:Itwasaround/abouttwelveo’clockintheevening.68.表示运动方向的for,to,towards(1)for常接在leave,start等动词之后,表示运动的方向或目的地。如:They’llleaveforBeijingtoattendthemeetingnextmonth.(2)to跟在go,come,return,move等动词之后,表示目的地,它既表示运动方向,又包含运动结果。如:WhendidyoureturntoGuangzhouafterthesummerholiday?(3)towards朝,向。只说明运动的方向,没有“到达”的意思如:Theteacheriscomingtowardstheclassroomnow.9.表示行为对象的to,at一般来说,at同某些动词连用,表示攻击目标,含有某种程度的恶意;to则只表示方向,并无恶意。如:Ithrewtheballtohimandhethrewitatthedog.Hecame________meandsaidhellotome.Adogcame________herandshewasfrightened(受惊吓的)。10.最高级结构中表示范围的of,in同类比较时,若主语和范围一致,一般用of,of后多为数词或可数名词复数;将某人/某物置于集体或环境中进行比较时,用in,in后一般是可数名词的单数。如:Sheisthemostbeautifulgirl________thethreesisters.Tomisthetallestboy________theclass.四.表示“除。。。之外”的介词1.besides除。。。之外还如:Fiveotherswerelatebesidesme.Therewillbefiveofusfordinner,besidesJohn.2.but,except除。。。之外。but常与否定词连用如:Noonebutweknowsaboutthenews.Hehasfewfriendsexceptyouinthisschool.Hehasfewfriendsexceptyouinthisschool.Theyallwenttosleepexceptme.73.exceptfor表示从整体中排除,除。。。之外,前后不是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