土地资源管理专业本科毕业论文外文文献及译文

本科毕业论文外文文献及译文文献、资料题目：RuralandUrbanLandDevelopmentandLandTenureSystems:AComparisonbetweenSouthAfricaandBotswana文献、资料来源：网络文献、资料发表（出版）日期：2000.8院（部）：管理工程学院专业：土地资源管理班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期：**大学毕业论文外文文献及译文-1-外文文献：RURALANDURBANLANDDEVELOPMENTANDLANDTENURESYSTEMS:ACOMPARISONBETWEENSOUTHAFRICAANDBOTSWANASusanBouillonLegalAdvisor:CityCouncilofPretoriaINTRODUCTIONFranklinD.Rooseveltoncesaidthat‘Everypersonwhoinvestsinlandnearagrowingcity,adoptsthesurestandsafestmethodofbecomingindependent,forlandisthebasisofwealth.’ThepurposeofthispaperistodiscusstheruralandurbanlanddevelopmentandlandtenuresystemsofSouthAfricaandBotswana,andtoexplaintheircontributionstourbansustainability.DEVELOPMENTPLANNINGINBOTSWANABotswanaislocatedatthecentreoftheSouthAfricanplateau,andisborderedbySouthAfricaonthesouthandsoutheast,ZimbabweonthenortheastandNamibiaonthewestandnorthwest.Approximately23%ofthepopulationisinurbanareasand77%inruralareas.Botswanahasarichtribalculture,andthereforeitisnotsurprisingthattheBotswanalegalsystemconsistsoflocaltribalcourts,whichadjudicatetraditionalmattersandTribalLandBoards,whichruleonlandusemattersintriballandsandtraditionalvillages.TownCouncilsruleonlandusemattersinurbanareas.ThegovernmentofBotswanahasadoptedasystemofdevelopmentplanningwhichhascopedrelativelywellcomparedwithotherAfricancountries.Developmentplanninginvolvesthepreparationoflanduseplansforbothurbanandruralareas.ThepracticeinBotswanaisthatthepublicismadeawareoftheimplicationsoflanduseplansbeforelandiszonedforvarioususes.Publicawarenessandparticipationisensuredbygivinglandusersanopportunitytoselectpreferredlanduseoptionsfromarangeofoptionsdeterminedthroughtheevaluationofphysicalandeconomicsuitabilityoflandresources(bottom-upapproach).PROPERTYRIGHTSANDLANDTENUREINBOTSWANAItisthepolicyoftheGovernmentthatallcitizensshouldhaveeasyandequalaccesstoland.**大学毕业论文外文文献及译文-2-Inordertorealizethis,threelandtenuresystemshavebeenputinplace.Triballandcovers71%ofthetotallandareaofthecountry.Itisallocatedtocitizensfreeofchargeforalltypesofuses.Statelandisownedbythestateandcomprises23%ofthetotalarea.MostofthislandisusedasNationalParks,orForestandGameReserveswithinwhichnosettlementsarepermitted.However,asmallpercentageofthislandisallocatedforresidentialpurposes,particularlyinurbancenters.Freeholdlandcomprisesonly6%ofthetotalareaandisprivatelyowned.Mostofthegovernmentpoliciestodatearethereforedirectedattriballand.RURALLANDPriortoindependence,Botswanahadestablishedtraditionalwaysofallocatingandmanagingtriballandanditsresourcesthroughchiefsandcommunities.Soonafterindependence,theauthoritytoallocatetriballandwasshiftedfromthechiefstotheTribalLandBoardswhichwereestablishedbytheTribalLandAct,butthemanagementoftheresourcesremainstheresponsibilityoftheusersandtheircommunities.Accordingtothisact,almost71%oftheavailablelandisadministeredastriballandaccordingtoanintegratedsystemofcustomarylandtenure.Althoughthetenurialrulesfortriballandhavebeenchangedconsiderablybythisact,itisconsideredaveryinnovativewaytocombineindividuallandtenuresecuritywithtriballand-use.TheLandBoardswereestablishedforaspecifiedtribalterritory,andtookovertheadministrativefunctionsfromchiefsandothertribalauthorities.TitleofthelandvestedintheLandBoards.TheLandBoardswereinitiallyentitledtomakecustomaryandcommonlawgrants,forresidential,grazingorcultivationpurposes,tomembersofthedifferenttribeslivinginthespecifiedterritoriesonly,butsince1993anycitizenofBotswanaisentitledtoapplyfortheserights.LandBoardsmaintaintheirownrecordorregistrationsystemandrightsarenotregisteredinthecentraldeedsregistrationsystemofBotswana,apparentlytokeepthemmoreaffordable.TheLandBoardsareentitledtoissuecertificatesofcustomarygrantsorcertificatesofoccupation.Provisionhasbeenmadefortheconversionofthesecertificatesintotitlesregistrableinthedeedsregistryoncedemandarisestodealwiththesecertificatesinthecommerciallendingmarket.Anychangeinright-holdermustbereportedtothelandboardinordertomaintaintheaccuracyoftherecordsystemofthelandboard.Shelterprovisioninruralareashasbeenonindividualsinitiatives.Themostimportantprerequisiteforhousingdevelopment,whichisaccesstoland,has**大学毕业论文外文文献及译文-3-notreallybeenadisturbingissueduetothefactthatallmaleandfemalecitizensareallocatedtriballandforfree,butinanefforttofacilitateshelterprovisioninruralareas,thegovernmentintendstointroducearuralhousingprogramme.LanduseplanningisnotanewphenomenoninBotswana.Pastexperiencesandrecordsindicatethatthetraditionalchiefswhohadauthorityonlandhavealwaysdonesomeformoflanduseplanning.FormallanduseplanninginBotswanastartedwiththeimplementationoftheTribalGrazingLandPolicyin1975,whensomeareaswerezonedforwildlifeuse,othersbecamereservedareas,whileotherareascontinuedtobeforcommunaluse.Thispolicyenabledindividualsorgroupstohaveexclusiveuseoflandinareaszonedforsuchuse.Theserightsarepermanent,exclusionaryandinheritable.Theymayonlyberevokedbythelandboardincircumstanceswheretheright-holderfailstoutilizethelandontermsspecifiedbythelandboard,orfailstodevelopthelandaccordingtothespecifiedpurposeswithi