大萧条与罗斯福新政(英文版)

TheGreatDepressionandRoosevelt’s“NewDeal”by:XY如有疑问可q我696263251theGreatDepressiontheGreatDepressionTIME1929~1933PLACEFromNewYorktotheWholeworldSYMBOLGreatCrashUSAannualrealGDPfrom1910–60,withtheyearsoftheGreatDepression(1929–1939)highlighted.Whatwere4effectsoftheGreatDepression?effectsUnemploymentandhomelessnessincreasedPoliticalUnrestBankClosings--thecollapseofthenation’sfinancialsystemFarmForeclosuresstockmarketcrashBlackThursday(1929.10.24)TheNewYorkStockMarketcrash图中的牌子上写道：“100美元可买下这辆轿车，在股市上丧失了一切，急需现钞。”•Thestockmarketcrashof1929markedthebeginningoftheworsteconomiccrisisinAmericanhistory.Millionsofpeoplelosttheirjobs.Thousandslosttheirhomes.Duringthenextseveralyears,alargepartoftherichestnationonearthlearnedwhatitmeanttobepoor.•Hardtimesfoundtheirwayintoeveryarea,group,andjob.Workersstruggledasfactoriesclosed.Farmers,hitwithfallingpricesandnaturaldisasters,wereforcedtogiveuptheirfarms.Businessmenlosttheirstoresandsometimestheirhomes.Itwasasevereeconomiccrisis--adepression.FarmForeclosuresGreatquantitiesofmilkwerepouredintotheriver,andmanyproductsweredestroyedwhilethepeoplewenthungryandunemployed.农场主销毁过剩的牛奶BusinessCycle1890-1940TheeconomiccrisisbeganwiththestockmarketcrashinOctober,1929.Forthefirstyear,theeconomyfellveryslowly.Butitdroppedsharplyin1931and1932.Andbytheendof1932,theeconomycollapsedalmostcompletely.TheGNPisthetotalofallgoodsandservicesproduced.Duringthethreeyearsfollowingthestockmarketcrash,theAmericanGNPdroppedbyalmosthalf.ThewealthoftheaverageAmericandroppedtoalevellowerthanithadbeentwenty-fiveyearsearlier.Allthegainsofthe1920swerewashedaway.Unemploymentrosesharply.Thenumberofworkerslookingforajobjumpedfrom3%tomorethan25%injustfouryears.Oneofeverythreeorfourworkerswaslookingforajobin1932.•Thedepressioncausedseriouspublichealthproblems.Hospitalsacrossthecountrywerefilledwithsickpeoplewhosemainillnesswasalackoffood.ThehealthdepartmentinNewYorkCityfoundthatoneofeveryfiveofthecity'schildrendidnotgetenoughfood.99%ofthechildrenattendingaschoolinacoal-miningareareportedlywereunderweight.Insomeplaces,peoplediedofhunger.•Thequalityofhousingalsofell.Familieswereforcedtocrowdintosmallhousesorapartmentstosharecosts.Manypeoplehadnohomesatall.Theysleptonpublicstreets,buses,ortrains.OneofficialinChicagoreportedin1931thatseveralhundredwomenwithouthomesweresleepingincityparks.Inanumberofcities,peoplewithouthomesbuilttheirhousesfromwhatevermaterialstheycouldfind.Theyusedemptyboxesorpiecesofmetaltobuildsheltersinopenareas.•Ithadbeentheimmensedisparitybetweenthecountry’sproductivepowerandtheAmericanpeople’sabilitytoconsume.Thecoreoftheproblem2Roosevelt’s“NewDeal”•PeopleblamedPresidentHooverbecausetheythoughthewasnotdoingenoughtohelpthem.Hooverdidtakeseveralactionstotrytoimprovetheeconomy.Butheresistedproposalsforthefederalgovernmenttoprovideaidinamajorway.Andherefusedtoletthegovernmentspendmoremoneythanitearned.•Hoovertoldthenation:Economicdepressioncannotbecuredbylegislativeactionorexecutivedecision.HerbertHoover•PeoplecalledtheseareasoflittletemporaryhousesHoovervilles.TheyblamedPresidentHooverfortheirsituation.So,too,didthemenforcedtosleepinpublicparksatnight.Theycoveredthemselveswithpiecesofpaper.AndtheycalledthepaperHooverblankets.PeoplewithoutmoneyintheirpantscalledtheiremptypocketsHooverflags.HooverflagsCausesCausesDropinfarmincomeWorldwidedepressionLowfactorywagesUnderconsumptionTheNewDealRecoverReliefReformContentAthomeAtabroadmanypublicprojectswerelaunchedtocreateemploymentthroughahugeincreaseingovernmentresponsibility.Cropsweredestroyedandagriculturalproductionwascutdowntostabilizethefallingfarmprices.Thebigindustrieswerealsocompelledtomakereforms.Rooseveltalsotooksomemeasuresof“socialsecurity”,payingpensionstotheold,unemployedandtheinjured.Roosevelttookeffortstoconsolidatetheoldmarketsandtoconquernewonesunderthecloakofthe“GoodNeighborPolicy”TheNewDealNature:Importance:Roosevelt’s“NewDeal”didnotchangethecapitalistsystembuthelpedtoimproveit.Itrelaxedtheeconomiccrisis,madesomeconcessionstotheworkingpeople,stoppedthenationfromcollapsingandespeciallypreventedtheU.S.frombecomingafasciststatesuchasGermany,ItalyandJapan.TheRooseveltGovernmentcarriedoutaprogressiveforeignpolicyagainstfascistaggressionandwars.Gavecountryconfidence……a.Endedbankingcrisisb.HelpedwithsomeJobsc.Infrastructure(buildings,schools,bridges,electricity,artwork)•AftertheNewDealissued.Workshadworkthen,andpeoplebecamehappygradually.•(就这样、美国人民再次手拉手一起走了进美好的童话世界里)DenouementTheonlythingwehavetofearisfearitself.（我们不得不害怕的唯一的东西就是“恐惧”本身）——FranklinD.RooseveltThankyouPPTbyxy如有疑问可q我69626325