托福听力全解

第一课托福考试听力综述及备考方法•ETS:EducationalTestingService•TOEFL:TestofEnglishasaForeignLanguage•PBT:Paper-BasedTest•CBT/CAT:Computer-BasedTest/Computer-AdaptiveTest•iBT:Internet-BasedTest模块（Module）1篇对话（Conversation）校园生活话题；2-3分钟/篇；5道题目/篇2篇讲座（Lecture）课堂授课话题；4-6分钟/篇；6道题目/篇30分钟/个模块：20分钟音频；10分钟做17道题形式一2个模块：1个小时形式二3个模块：1.5个小时1.长度大3-5min2.学术性强3.先听音，后看题4.做题时间有限5.考生可做笔记6.题目不可回翻1.报名准备2.电脑要求3.付费须知4.个人资料5.考生须知6.报名程序Conversation1.主旨题Gist2.细节题Detail3.功能题Function4.态度题Attitude5.观点组织题Organization6.推理推断题InferenceLecture1.BasicComprehension基本理解力1).Gist2).Detail2.PragmaticUnderstanding实际理解力1).Function2).Attitude3.ConnectingInformation连接信息力1).Organization2).Inference1.语速托福：180-220词/分钟软件：CoolEdit2.单个单词熟形不熟音strategystrategicoceanoceanicdeclaredeclaration3.语音现象连读：辅音＋元音getupcheckoutrunoutofallaboutitin-sideoutputitoff失爆：/b//p//d//t//g//k/+与其不相同的辅音，发后一个辅音，前一个做发音准备blackboardbreakfaststopbysitdownlaptopmid-term弱读：元音音素的弱化，指一个单词中的元音音素在口语中由于说话时语速快或在句子中处于次要位置而不被强调等原因，不能发完全而标准的读音，却变为强度较弱的其他元音的现象。history／histəri／→／histri／family／fæmili／→／fæｍli／Iusedto／aijusttu／→／aijustu／英美音差异fartherstartfloorsportcourtperfectwesternpattern1.四六级词汇70%2.口语小词10%3.专业词汇20%：记声音记意思不记拼写艾宾浩斯记忆时间安排5分钟30分钟12小时1天2天4天7天15天1L12L134L15678L19101112131415L1161718192021222324252627282930L13112341.积极向上、善良正义解决功能题2.要事第一原则firstthingfirst解决主旨题3.间接回答解决推理推断题第二课托福考试听力备考方法听写的必要性听写方法：1.听全文：懂大意。2.听句子：注意第一遍没听清的句子。3.听字词：注意前两遍没听清的字词。4.听一句写一句，放音不可写,最多听5遍。5.打开文字答案核对纠错。6.总结造成听力障碍的语音点。练习：Geography1.原则自己能看懂越少完整单词拼写中英文相结合线条、图画、符号并用简练，切莫因记勿听写而有用2.要点开头部分：对话或讲座的主题、目的总论点下的分类、分支及特点解释程序步骤，注意先后顺序重要时间、地点人物身份、观点最高级、比较级说明多个原因、结果表达态度、倾向性3.区别长对话：记问题，解决办法，具体建议。长段落：记概念，主要分支及其特点，重要时间、地点、数字，说话人态度，观点认可度。4.信号词时间：previously,formerly,initially,first,now,presently,then,later,subsequently,next,finally,last,ultimately,before,after,meanwhile,when,immediately举例：forexample,forinstance,suchas,inthis/anothercase,inthissituation,onthisoccasion,takethecaseof,todemonstrate,toillustrate,asanillustration列举：first(ly),second,third,last/finallyone,another补充：and,aswellasalso,too,inadditionfurther,furthermore比较：like,likewise,as,both,similarly,atthesametime,incomparison转折：ontheotherhand,incontrast,onthecontrarydespite,regardless,notwithstanding,though,although,eventhough,inspiteofbut,however,yet,nevertheless,instead,rather,whereas强调：definitely,extremely,especially,obviously,absolutely,positively,surprisingly,infact,emphatically,indeed,inanycaseunquestionably,withoutadoubtbest,only因果：because,sinceforthisreason,hence,resulting,asaresult,so,then,thus,therefore,consequently定义：define,isdefinedas,knownas,thatis,thetermmeans,wemean,wecanstate,wereferto总结：inshort,inbrief,intheend,insummary,inconclusion,toconclude,toreiterate,tosumup,finally,therefore,asalreadystated5.符号数学符号+比较级：more++最高级：best,most﹥多于：bigger,larger,greater,morethan高：superiorto,surpass﹤少于：less,smaller低：inferiorto=同等:means,thatistosay,inotherwords,thesameas,beequalto≠不同:bedifferentfrom√好：right/good,famous/well-knownX坏：wrong/incorrect,somethingbad,notorious,negative～大约：about/around，orso，approximately∈属于：belongto,bepartof,fallinto,pertainto,remainwith,reside∵原因dueto,because,becauseof∴结果consequently,therefore,thus标点及其它:说话，观点:say,speak,think,believe?问题:question,issue,problem()在......之间:among,within*重要的:important,exemplary,best,outstanding,brilliant∧转折:but,however,yet,infact,actually,while,nevertheless&和，与:and,togetherwith,alongwith,accompany,alongwith↑上升、增加:ascend,climb,goup,mountup,moveup,raise,rise,soar↓下降、减少:descend,drop,fall,goorcomedown,decline←之前before,ago→之后after,later→结论，导致:bringon,conduce,induce,lead,makefor,resultin6.建议句型So;See;Say;Youknowwhat;Guesswhat;TellyouwhatMight;Just;(Maybe)youshouldWhydon’tyouYou’dbetterdo;Youarebetteroffdoingsth.Haveyoutried…;WhataboutIwishtheycouldIfIwereyou,Iwould第三课场景分类讲解场景特点：作业最后期限到了怎么办，能不能延期。做作业，尤其是做论文和写实验报告时，需要有research,也需要information,也需要data,还要interpretdata,还要checkthemoutinthereferencebook。还经常会谈到分配作业splititupinhalves,也会谈到润色问题I’mpolishingthethesis,Iwasputtingthefinishingtouchesonmypaper.场景词汇：Paper/essay论文Termpaper学期论文Thesis（硕士）论文Dissertation博士论文Dissertationproposal博士论文的开题报告Project课题Termproject学期课题Bookreport读书报告Labreport试验报告Presentation发言Assignment/studies/classwork/schoolwork作业Dueday到期日Deadline最后期限Extension延期场景句型：ThepaperisduethiscomingFriday.Thedeadlinehasbeenextendedforaweek.Thereisaone-weekextension.Theprofessorgaveusanoneweekextension.Idon’tknowwhetherIcangetanextension.Idon’tknowwhetherIcanmakethedeadline.所谓的发言，就是学生就教授布置的作业话题，准备材料，做一个十分钟左右的发言。场景总结：发言只是教授作业中的一种，作业一般还包括论文、读书报告、实验报告、野外实习等。场景特点：图书馆使用方式，到图书馆借书、还书，图书逾期未还、欠费；书店购买教科书、有书没书、书价贵、平装/精装、书新/旧到图书馆场景词汇：Checkoutthebook借书Returnthebook还书Librarian图书管理员Headlibrarian图书馆长Librarycard借书卡Stacks书库Index索引Circulationdesk出纳台Incirculation已经借出Referencedesk参考书借阅台Rarebookcollection典藏书Bookreservation订书Overdue过期Finemoratorium罚金暂缓Renewal续借Inter-libraryloan馆际借阅Studylounge自习室Periodicalreadingroom期刊阅览室Magazinebinder杂